Hydrometallurgical recycling of EV lithium-ion batteries: Effects of incineration on the leaching efficiency of metals using sulfuric acid

Vieceli, Nathália; Casasola, Raquel; Lombardo, Gabriele; Ebin, Burçak; Petraniková, Martina

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2021.02.039

Cited by 72 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…As seen from Figure a,c, the chemical composition and principal phase of the cathode materials are complex, and there are no specific thermodynamic data available for reference. However, as reported by numerous researchers, − the LIB active cathode material first undergoes thermal decomposition, followed by the reduction of the resultant thermal decomposition products. The possible chemical reactions corresponding to the reduction of the thermal decomposition products with hydrogen gas and the related standard Gibbs free-energy change calculated using HSC Chemistry 6 are shown in eqs –, where Δ G ° is the standard Gibbs free-energy change with the unit of kJ/mol and T is the temperature in °C. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Metal Reclamation from Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Materials: Directional Conversion of Metals Based on Hydrogen Reduction

Huang

Liu

Makuza

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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The vast amount of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), after exhausting their useful life, necessitates comprehensive recycling for metal reclamation. This paper proposed using hydrogen as a green reductant to reduce the cathode materials of spent LIBs, followed by wet magnetic separation. The inspiration behind this is to realize pollution-free and highly efficient separation of high-value metals from LIB cathode materials by utilizing hydrogen reduction to attain directional conversion of metals based on water solubility and magnetism differences. The effect of two major variables, that is, reduction temperature and time, on the leaching efficiency of Li and recovery of Ni, Co, and Mn, are investigated. The experimental results showed that the nickel–cobalt–manganese LIB cathode was primarily transformed into water-soluble Li2O, magnetic Ni–Co alloy, and nonmagnetic manganese oxides after hydrogen reduction under optimum conditions of 800 °C for 90 min. The reduction products underwent water-leaching to recover Li with a recovery of 96.8 wt %. Ni and Co are further separated magnetically from manganese oxides with recovery rates of 99.8 wt % Ni, 99.4 wt % Co into the magnetic fraction, and 90.3 wt % Mn into the nonmagnetic fraction.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Metal Reclamation from Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Materials: Directional Conversion of Metals Based on Hydrogen Reduction

Huang

Liu

Makuza

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…The pyrometallugy process is highly energy intensive due to the high-temperature smelting procedure. In contrast, the hydrometallugy method is also energy consuming because of the high material inputs such as sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide . It is estimated by Dewulf et al.…”

Section: Advancements Of Direct Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, the hydrometallugy method is also energy consuming because of the high material inputs such as sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide. 33 It is estimated by Dewulf et al that the energy consumption of the pyrometallugy process for NMC cathodes consumes 50% of the energy in resource exploitation. 34 It can be observed from Figure 2(d) that the energy consumption of the direct recycling process is much lower than the pyrometallugy or hydrometallugy processes, and rejuvenating the cathode by any of these three methods demands much less energy than production of virgin material.…”

Section: Advancements Of Direct Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Recycling of Electrode Materials in Spent Li-Ion Batteries through Direct Regeneration Processes

Peng

Zhang

2022

ACS EST Eng.

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The prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs) globally could generate a huge number of spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs) as they reach their end of life. It is expected that by 2030, 11 million metric tons of EOL LIBs will be generated cumulatively, with annual waste flows of EV batteries reaching 34,000 t by 2040. Recycling spent LIBs in a sustainable and effective manner is a matter of utmost importance. Conventional recycling strategies such as pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy decompose the crystal structures of value-added electrode materials to element levels, presenting fatal drawbacks in high greenhouse gas emissions, cost, and energy consumption. The burgeoning direct recycling processes provide viable options to rejuvenate LIB compounds without chemical change, thus retaining their original composition as well as the embedded energy. Relithiation and defect restoration are the critical steps for electrode regeneration, which determine the performance of recovered material. Here, the authors provide a detailed discussion and analysis on different regeneration methods for LIB electrodes based on their degradation mechanisms. The advancements of direct recycling among other recycling technologies are highlighted through discussions of its process benefits. Physical pretreatments including deactivation, disassembly, and black mass separation are introduced. Perspectives toward scaled applications of direct recycling are also demonstrated on the basis of developing trends of future LIBs.

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“…Traditional methods, such as pyrometallurgy 8,9 and hydrometallurgy, [10][11][12] have already been applied in industries to recover valuable metals from spent LIBs. The hydrometallurgical technique is used to preferentially extract all metallic elements and separate them by solvent extraction and chemical precipitation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a low carbon process for lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries by a carbon conversion control strategy of carbothermic reduction

Wang

Zheng

et al. 2022

Green Chem.

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Hydrometallurgical recycling of EV lithium-ion batteries: Effects of incineration on the leaching efficiency of metals using sulfuric acid

Cited by 72 publications

References 38 publications

Metal Reclamation from Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Materials: Directional Conversion of Metals Based on Hydrogen Reduction

Metal Reclamation from Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Materials: Directional Conversion of Metals Based on Hydrogen Reduction

Sustainable Recycling of Electrode Materials in Spent Li-Ion Batteries through Direct Regeneration Processes

Towards a low carbon process for lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries by a carbon conversion control strategy of carbothermic reduction

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