Hydrogenation of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone by Ni and MoO_x co-loaded carbon catalysts

Abstract

Ni–MoOx/C showed more than 300 times higher TON than previously reported noble metal-free catalysts for the title reaction.

Synthesis of γ-valerolactone by hydrogenation of levulinic acid over supported nickel catalysts

“…In the last few years non-noble metals like Ni or Cu were studied as hydrogenation catalysts for the GVL synthesis. [3,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] Manzer [3] investigated 5 % Ni supported on carbon in 1,4-dioxane as solvent at a reaction temperature of 150 °C, a react ion time of 2 h and 55 bar hydrogen pressure. Compared to other metals (Ir, Rh, Pd, Ru, Pt, Re), which were tested under the same conditions, Ni showed both the lowest conversion of LA (5 %) and the lowest GVL selectivity (20 %).…”

xNi–yCu–ZrO2 catalysts for the hydrogenation of levulinic acid to gamma valorlactone

“…Al 2 O 3 was also affected by water, though to a lesser extent. Shimizu et al showed that Ni can be modified with MoO x to give an improvement in hydrogenation activity [23]. They report that the turn over number of the Ni-MoO x /C catalyst is comparable to the performance of the commonly used Ru based catalyst, however a high temperature of 250 °C is required and catalyst stability is not considered.…”

Microwave-Assisted Conversion of Levulinic Acid to γ-Valerolactone Using Low-Loaded Supported Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Porous Silicates

“…45% increase pushing reaction conditions (200 °C, 60 min, 100 mg FeZrCF catalyst). TON values obtained for most active catalysts FeZrCF (62) and FeAlCF (26) and particularly TOF values (Table 2) pointed to a relatively good activity of the systems per active site as compared to noble metal-based literature reported catalysts [17,19,22,31,32]. GVL selectivity significantly varied from FeAl to FeZr systems (60%-75%), with a maximum of 75%-80%.…”

“…In another report, a series of base-metal (Ni, Co, Cu, and Fe) and metal oxides (Mo, V, and W oxides) co-loaded carbon were tested for the hydrogenation of LA [26]. Ni-MoOx/C showed the highest activity with 97% GVL yield which was probably due to the co-presence of metallic Ni 0 species and partially reduced MoO2.…”