Hydrogenating Shale Oil to Catalytic Reforming Stock

Shale Oil Hydroprocessing to Produce Synthetic Jet Fuels

“…The effects of temperature (Cottingham, et al, 1957) and pressure on shale oil hydroprocessing have been reported. It was reported that both temperature and pressure separately have similar effects on increasing hydroprocessing severity for enhancing removal of nitrogen, sulfur, and hydrogen consumption as well as liquid saturation and yields of liquid products.…”

Hydrocracking Prehydrogenated Shale Oil

“…The high percentages of sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen compounds-for example, over 60% of one shale oil (7)-render the raw oil unsuitable for refining to high quality motor fuels by conventional refining processes. Recycle hydrocracking at 3000 pounds' pressure was shown to produce a high yield of naphtha with low sulfur and nitrogen content, but the pressure greatly exceeded the capacity of ordinary refining equipment (4). Once-through hydrogenating coker distillate fractions at 1100 and 1500 pounds' pressure (2, 3) produced products of poorer quality and in lower quantity than were obtained in the 3000-pound operation.…”