“…[ 16,17 ] In Figure 4b, the peak centered at 529.16 eV, which is typical for the O 2− in TiO bonds in TiO 2 , [ 16,17 ] is clearly seen in the sample of TiO 2 powder, whereas suppressed in all samples of black TiO 2 QDs. The additional 531–532 eV peaks observed in the black TiO 2 QDs are assigned to the OH bonds, [ 16,17 ] indicating that hydroxyl is formed through hydrogenation process. By further considering these peaks, the most shift of XPS spectra, both in the O 1 s and Ti 2p range, is found in the sample prepared by 0.4 m KCl.…”