Hydrogen Sulfide Regulates Ethylene‐induced Stomatal Closure in Arabidopsis thaliana

Abstract

Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is a newly-discovered signaling molecule in plants and has caused increasing attention in recent years, but its function in stomatal movement is unclear. In plants, H2 S is synthesized via cysteine degradation catalyzed by D-/L-cysteine desulfhydrase (D-/L-CDes). AtD-/L-CDes::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. plants were generated and used to investigate gene expression patterns, and results showed that AtD-/L-CDes can be expressed in guard cells. We also determined the subcellular localization of AtD-/L-CDes using transgenic plants of AtD-/L-CDes::GFP, and the results showed that AtD-CDes and AtL-CDes are located in the chloroplast and in the cytoplasm, respectively. The transcript levels of AtD-CDes and AtL-CDes were affected by the chemicals that cause stomatal closure. Among these factors, ACC, a precursor of ethylene, has the most significant effect, which indicates that the H2 S generated from D-/L-CDes may play an important role in ethylene-induced stomatal closure. Meanwhile, H2 S synthetic inhibitors significantly inhibited ethylene-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis. Ethylene treatment caused an increase of H2 S production and of AtD-/L-CDes activity in Arabidopsis leaves. AtD-/L-CDes over-expressing plants exhibited enhanced induction of stomatal closure compared to the wild-type after ethylene treatment; however, the effect was not observed in the Atd-cdes and Atl-cdes mutants. In conclusion, our results suggest that the D-/L-CDes-generated H2 S is involved in the regulation of ethylene-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Heterotrimeric G protein mediates ethylene‐induced stomatal closure via hydrogen peroxide synthesis in Arabidopsis

“…Based on the fact that both etr1-1 and etr1-3 stomata are insensitive to ethylene, but have different responses to H 2 O 2 , Desikan et al (2005Desikan et al ( , 2006 have concluded that ETR1 is a point of convergence for ethylene and H 2 O 2 signalling in guard cells. However, there is a possibility that these different responses between etr1-1 and etr1-3 to H 2 O 2 may be caused by etr1-1 containing a second mutation in ARC3, since chloroplast is involved in H 2 O 2 -mediated stomatal closure (Hou et al, 2013) and ARC3 mutation affects chloroplast division and function (Cho et al, 2012). In the present study, these different stomatal responses between etr1-1 and etr1-3 were also observed not only via H 2 O 2 but also to by the Ga activator CTX (Figure 4).…”

“…These different stomatal responses between etr1-1 and etr1-3 were also observed in the present study not only in response to H 2 O 2 but also in response to Ga activator CTX (Figure 4c,d). However, these different responses between etr1-1 and etr1-3 may be resulted from arc3 mutationcaused defect of chloroplast division and function in etr1-1 mutant (Cho et al, 2012), as chloroplast is involved in H 2 O 2 -mediated stomatal closure (Hou et al, 2013). To test this possibility, stomatal responses to ethylene, H 2 O 2 and CTX were further analyzed in the loss-of-function ethylene insensitive mutant etr1-9, ARC3 mutants arc3-1 and arc3-2 and the F1 plants generated by crossing etr1-1 with wildtype Col-0, which had the dominant nature of the etr1-1 allele and the recessive nature of arc3-3 allele (Cho et al, 2012).…”

Hydrogen sulfide delays leaf yellowing of stored water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) during dark-induced senescence by delaying chlorophyll breakdown, maintaining energy status and increasing antioxidative capacity

“…(Wang, 2012). Studies demonstrate that the biological roles of H 2 S in plants span organogenesis (Zhang et al, 2009), stomatal movement (Hou et al, 2013), and heat tolerance . Some recent studies also reveal the role of H 2 S in delaying senescence of cut flowers (Zhang et al, 2011).…”

Hydrogen Sulfide Regulates Inward-Rectifying K+ Channels in Conjunction with Stomatal Closure

“…H 2 S action was originally related to pathogenesis resistance (Bloem et al, 2004), but in the last decade it has been proven to have an active role in signaling, participating in key physiological processes, such as germination and root organogenesis (Zhang et al, 2008(Zhang et al, , 2009a, heat stress (Li et al, 2013a(Li et al, , 2013b, osmotic stress (Zhang et al, 2009b), and stomatal movement (García-Mata and Lamattina, 2010;Lisjak et al, 2010Lisjak et al, , 2011Jin et al, 2013). Moreover, H 2 S was reported to participate in the signaling of plant hormones, including abscisic acid (ABA; García-Mata and Lamattina, 2010;Lisjak et al, 2010;Jin et al, 2013;Scuffi et al, 2014), ethylene (Hou et al, 2013), and auxin (Zhang et al, 2009a).…”