These authors contributed equally to this work.
SUMMARYHeterotrimeric G proteins function as key players in hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) production in plant cells, but whether G proteins mediate ethylene-induced H 2 O 2 production and stomatal closure are not clear. Here, evidences are provided to show the Ga subunit GPA1 as a missing link between ethylene and H 2 O 2 in guard cell ethylene signalling. In wild-type leaves, ethylene-triggered H 2 O 2 synthesis and stomatal closure were dependent on activation of Ga. GPA1 mutants showed the defect of ethylene-induced H 2 O 2 production and stomatal closure, whereas wGa and cGa overexpression lines showed faster stomatal closure and H 2 O 2 production in response to ethylene. Ethylene-triggered H 2 O 2 generation and stomatal closure were impaired in RAN1, ETR1, ERS1 and EIN4 mutants but not impaired in ETR2 and ERS2 mutants. Ga activator and H 2 O 2 rescued the defect of RAN1 and EIN4 mutants or etr1-3 in ethylene-induced H 2 O 2 production and stomatal closure, but only rescued the defect of ERS1 mutants or etr1-1 and etr1-9 in ethylene-induced H 2 O 2 production. Stomata of CTR1 mutants showed constitutive H 2 O 2 production and stomatal closure, but which could be abolished by Ga inhibitor. Stomata of EIN2, EIN3 and ARR2 mutants did not close in responses to ethylene, Ga activator or H 2 O 2 , but do generate H 2 O 2 following challenge of ethylene or Ga activator. The data indicate that Ga mediates ethylene-induced stomatal closure via H 2 O 2 production, and acts downstream of RAN1, ETR1, ERS1, EIN4 and CTR1 and upstream of EIN2, EIN3 and ARR2. The data also show that ETR1 and ERS1 mediate both ethylene and H 2 O 2 signalling in guard cells.
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