Hydrogen Production and Polymer Electrode Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells for Electrical Vehicles

A Review of the Recent Advances in Composite Membranes for Hydrogen Generation Technologies

“…A PEM electrolyzer is composed of an anode, cathode catalysts, and a dense acidic PEM in the form of a solid electrolyte (e.g., Nafion, Dupont). PEMs are a highly influential component in both PEM fuel cells and PEM water electrolyzers since they directly affect the overall performance of the membrane by conducting H + ions from the anode to the cathode and separating hydrogen and oxygen gases formed during the reaction (Figure a). ,, Because of the low gas crossover rate of polymer electrolytes, the PEM electrolyzer can operate at a current density of 2 Acm –2 by producing higher purity of the gases as compared to AWE systems. However, an acidic environment results in some limitations when choosing materials.…”

“…Hydrogen (H 2 ) is regarded as one of the most sustainable energy carriers since it releases more energy without emitting CO 2 as compared to fossil fuels. Besides, it can be produced from many technologies that involve renewables. − Additionally, the storage and transportation of H 2 are more convenient than those of nonrenewable energy sources. − Therefore, the worldwide prominence of H 2 as well as the investments in the production and utilization have been accelerated by 40 countries since 2022 . The H 2 production technologies can be categorized into two main groups based on resources renewable and nonrenewable.…”