Hydrogen liquefaction: a review of the fundamental physics, engineering practice and future opportunities

Ghafri, Saif Z.S. Al; Munro, Stephanie; Cardella, U.; Funke, Thomas; Notardonato, William; Trusler, J. P. Martin; Leachman, Jacob; Span, Roland; Kamiya, Shoji; Pearce, Garth; Swanger, Adam; Rodriguez, Elma Dorador; Bajada, Paul; Jiao, Fuyu; Peng, Kun; Siahvashi, Arman; Johns, Michael L.; May, Eric F.

doi:10.1039/d2ee00099g

Cited by 190 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 263 publications

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“…However, hydrogen has a low boiling point, and its liquefaction process is thus energy intensive [8]. Natural gas liquefaction processes, which are also energy-intensive processes [9], consume between 0.271 kWh/kg LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) and 0.352 kWh/kg LNG [10], whereas commercially available hydrogen liquefaction processes require between 11.9 and 15 kWh/kg LH 2 , which is approximately 50 times the amount of energy required for natural gas liquefaction [11]. This large amount of energy consumed during the hydrogen liquefaction process is related to several factors: first, the boiling point of hydrogen is approximately 20 K, which is approximately 90 K lower than that of natural gas [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Heat Exchange Configuration for Sub-Cooling Cycle of Hydrogen Liquefaction Process

et al. 2022

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The hydrogen liquefaction process is highly energy-intensive owing to its cryogenic characteristics, and a large proportion of the total energy is consumed in the subcooling cycle. This study aimed to develop an efficient configuration for the subcooling cycle in the hydrogen liquefaction process. The He-Ne Brayton cycle is one of the most energy-efficient cycles of the various proposed hydrogen liquefaction processes, and it was selected as the base case configuration. To improve its efficiency and economic potential, two different process configurations were proposed: (configuration 1) a dual-pressure cycle that simplified the process configuration, and (configuration 2) a split triple-pressure cycle that decreased the flow rate of the medium- and high-pressure compressors. The ortho–para conversion heat of hydrogen is considered by using heat capacity data of equilibrium hydrogen. Genetic algorithm-based optimization was also conducted to minimize the energy consumption of each configuration, and the optimization results showed that the performance of configuration 1 was worse than that of the base case configuration. In this respect, although less equipment was used, the compression load on each compressor was very intensive, which increased the energy requirements and costs. Configuration 2 provided the best results with a specific energy consumption of 5.69 kWh/kg (3.2% lower than the base case configuration). The total expense of configuration 2 shows the lowest value which is USD 720 million. The process performance improvements were analyzed based on the association between the refrigerant composition and the heat exchange efficiency. The analysis demonstrated that energy efficiency and costs were both improved by dividing the pressure levels and splitting the refrigerant flow rate in configuration 2.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Heat Exchange Configuration for Sub-Cooling Cycle of Hydrogen Liquefaction Process

et al. 2022

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“…Hydrogen, used for energy supply, transport, and storage, is considered in basically all CO2-mitigation plans [1,2]. Hydrogen roadmaps have been published by many regions and countries, including the United States [3] and the European Union [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To meet the respective demands on available hydrogen, not only the production capacities must be scaled up extensively, but likewise, the capacity of hydrogen liquefaction [2] to support economic long-distance transport. Current hydrogen liquefaction plants feature energy demands of (11.9 to 15.0) kWh/kgLH2 [1]. Novel concepts for advanced largescale liquefaction plants predict a reduction to about 6 kWh/kgLH2 [1,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Density Measurements on Binary Helium + Neon Mixtures over the Temperature Range from (100 to 233) K at Pressures up to 10 MPa

Nils¹,

Preetzmann²

2022

Preprint

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Densities of two binary (Helium + Neon) mixtures were measured along six isotherms in the temperature range from (100 to 233.15) K and at pressures of up to 10 MPa, using a low-temperature single-sinker magnetic suspension densimeter. The mixtures were prepared gravimetrically yielding molar Helium fractions of approximately 0.50 and 0.25, respectively. The measurements were carried out at T = (100, 120, 140, 170, 200, and 233.15) K in the homogenous gas region. In total, densities at 72 (T, p) state points were determined. The relative expanded combined uncertainties (k = 2) of the experimental densities were estimated to be within (0.023 and 0.055)%. The largest uncertainty contributions result from the weighing of the sinker and the composition of the prepared mixtures. The experimental results were compared with available experimental literature data as well as with a preliminary mixture model of Lemmon and with a fundamental equation of state of Tkaczuk et al.

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“…MOFs were broadly attended for direct storage of hydrogen adsorbed from the gaseous phase but not for OP conversion. Only metals and metal oxides were considered as OP-conversion catalysts. , Remarkably, a recent extensive review discussing a future of hydrogen liquefaction and challenges of OP conversion does not indicate any successful MOF-based catalytic materials . The closest related studies are focused on hydrogen storage in MOFs at 77 K in the adsorbed state. , In addition, MOFs addressed in those studies (MOF-5 and M-BTC, where M = Cu, Fe, etc.)…”

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confidence: 99%

Efficient MOF-Catalyzed Ortho–Para Hydrogen Conversion for Practical Liquefaction and Energy Storage

et al. 2022

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Parahydrogen, being one of two nuclear spin isomers of molecular hydrogen, is required in a number of applications, including hydrogen liquefaction for energy storage and transportation. Obtaining pure parahydrogen is vital for these tasks, thus requiring approaches for efficient ortho−para (OP) hydrogen conversion. In this work, we for the first time demonstrate the extraordinary potential of metal−organic frameworks (MOF) as OP-conversion catalysts. In particular, the specific conversion rate constant of Ni-MOF-74 is found 145-fold higher than that of industrially used catalysts (e.g., hydrous ferric oxide), thus opening new horizons in hydrogen liquefaction and storage and, ultimately, in the broad use of hydrogen energy.

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Hydrogen liquefaction: a review of the fundamental physics, engineering practice and future opportunities

Abstract: Hydrogen is emerging as one of the most promising energy carriers for a decarbonised global energy system. Transportation and storage of hydrogen are critical to its large-scale adoption and to...

Cited by 190 publications

References 263 publications

Efficient Heat Exchange Configuration for Sub-Cooling Cycle of Hydrogen Liquefaction Process

Efficient Heat Exchange Configuration for Sub-Cooling Cycle of Hydrogen Liquefaction Process

Density Measurements on Binary Helium + Neon Mixtures over the Temperature Range from (100 to 233) K at Pressures up to 10 MPa

Efficient MOF-Catalyzed Ortho–Para Hydrogen Conversion for Practical Liquefaction and Energy Storage

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