Hydrogen ion emission studies in 4π plasma focus device space

Effects of anode geometry on forward wide-angle neon ion emissions in 3.5 kJ plasma focus device by novel mega-size panorama polycarbonate image detectors

“…These two ion emission source mechanisms behave respectively as a "point ion source" and a "line ion source" forming "ion cathode shadows" on the MS-PCIDs [17]. In fact, the imaging system used has been highly instrumental in such developments as applied to also ions such as protons, deuterium and other heavy ions with 4π ion emission from the anode top [18][19][20].…”

Discovery of Third Possible Ion Generating Source in 4π Plasma Focus Device Space

“…A dense plasma focus device (PFD) emits high-energy ions generally believed to be emitted from the anode top within a small solid angle around the z axis, for which generation mechanisms are yet to be understood, although different theories and models have been advanced (Sadowski et al 1988; Antanasijević et al 2003; Soto 2005; Lee and Saw 2013). Recently, in a chain of emission studies of ions such as hydrogen, deuterium, and helium in a Mather-type 3.5 kJ PFD (Sohrabi et al 2016; Sohrabi 2017, 2018; Sohrabi and Zarinshad 2020; Soltani et al 2019; Sohrabi et al 2020a and b; Sohrabi and Soltani 2021), it was hypothesized and discovered that ions in PFD space are emitted in near 4π geometry from the “anode top” as intense “point ion source” and from “anode cathodes assembly” (ACA) as a “line ion source” with radial run-away ions, based on which the “Two-sources Ion Emission Model” was proposed (Sohrabi et al 2016; Sohrabi et al 2020a). These sources are strong enough to be used for different applications in 4π PFD space such as those used for expulsion for developing “Ionology Art for Art Ionology Methods” (Sohrabi and Zarinshad 2020).…”

“…The formation of ICSs is due to the fact that each cathode well shadows ions bombarding it by the “anode top” and the “anode cathodes assembly,” preventing them from reaching MS-PCID placed at a distance behind cathodes (Sohrabi et al 2016; Sohrabi 2017, 2018; Sohrabi et al 2020a and b; Soltani et al 2019); thus, no ions are expected to bombard the detector on the shadow site. However, it was discovered unexpectedly that ion tracks at high densities have been formed on each shadow easily observed by unaided eyes and photographed, called “On Shadow Ion Tracks” (OSIT).…”

“…In some hydrogen ion emission studies (Sohrabi 2017, 2018; Sohrabi et al 2020a,b), OSITs on ICSs formed on MS-PCIDs placed on the PFD wall at 20 mbar gas pressure were investigated for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 h ECE processing, as shown in Fig. 2.…”

“…OSITs have been formed in most of our detailed studies, some of which were presented. It seems that ions forming the OSITs are generated in addition to what generated from the “anode top” and “anode cathodes assembly” (Sohrabi et al 2016; Sohrabi 2017, 2018; Sohrabi and Zarinshad 2020; Soltani et al 2019; Sohrabi et al 2020a and b; Sohrabi and Soltani 2021). This understanding of formation of OSITs on ICSs is still at the infancy stage and requires further experimental and theoretical investigations for confirmation of this third ion source or finding other less probable mechanisms.…”