“…Both the pH and the HCO − 3 concentration of the oviductal fluid are higher in uterine and tubal fluids compared to plasma (Vishwakarma, 1962). Moreover, pH in the rhesus monkey female tract elevates dramatically, concomitantly with ovulation (Maas et al, 1977), which might promote sperm capacitation in vivo. In mammalian spermatozoa, several HCO − 3 transporters were reported as candidates to mediate HCO − 3 influx across the plasma membrane such as Na + /HCO − 3 cotransporter (NBC) (Demarco et al, 2003), Cl − /HCO − 3 exchangers (Chavez et al, 2012), and CFTR (Hernández-González et al, 2007;Xu et al, 2007), as well as its indirect entrance via CO 2 diffusion with subsequent hydration by intracellular carbonic anhydrases (CA) (Wandernoth et al, 2010;José et al, 2015).…”