Hydrogel based tissue engineering and its future applications in personalized disease modeling and regenerative therapy

Abstract

Background Evolution in the in vitro cell culture from conventional 2D to 3D technique has been a significant accomplishment. The 3D culture models have provided a close and better insight into the physiological study of the human body. The increasing demand for organs like liver, kidney, and pancreas for transplantation, rapid anti-cancer drug screening, and the limitations associated with the use of animal models have attracted the interest of researchers to explore 3D organ culture. Main body Natural, synthetic, and hybrid material-based hydrogels are being used as scaffolds in 3D culture and provide 'close-to-in vivo’ structures. Organoids: the stem cell-derived small size 3D culture systems are now favored due to their ability to mimic the in-vivo conditions of organ or tissue and this characteristic has made it eligible for a variety of clinical applications, drug discovery and regenerative medicine are a few of the many areas of application. The use of animal models for clinical applications has been a long-time ethical and biological challenge to get accurate outcomes. 3D bioprinting has resolved the issue of vascularization in organoid culture to a great extent by its layer-by-layer construction approach. The 3D bioprinted organoids have a popular application in personalized disease modeling and rapid drug development and therapeutics. Short conclusions This review paper, focuses on discussing the novel organoid culture approach, its advantages and limitations, and potential applications in a variety of life science areas namely cancer research, cell therapy, tissue engineering, and personalized medicine and drug discovery. Graphical Abstract

Novel Trends in Hydrogel Development for Biomedical Applications: A Review

“…Chemical cross-linking is an irreversible process, where covalent bonds can be induced by the methods described below [ 15 ]. This type of hydrogel is of special interest thanks to their good mechanical resistance after cross-linking.…”

“…However, although TE has been considered a promising strategy to provide biological substitutes that can mimic the ECM, there are still important obstacles to overcome, such as the lack of specific materials for scaffold development and new procedures that enable the processing of delicate polymers such as proteins [ 11 , 12 ]. In this way, hydrogels have been extensively used in these biomedical research fields to overcome the main difficulties, as they can mimic many features of the native cellular microenvironment, due to their suitable properties for this purpose, e.g., their outstanding water retention capacity and flexibility [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ].…”

Bilayer Hydrogels for Wound Dressing and Tissue Engineering

“…Synthetic polymers can be obtained through the polymerization of monomers. The advantage of synthetic polymers is the reproducibility of properties and the regularity of the macromolecular chain [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ] ( Table 1 ).…”

Polyurethane (PU) based multifunctional materials: Emerging paradigm for functional textiles, smart, and biomedical applications

“…48 Moreover, SMPU has emerged in additive manufacturing (3DP and 4DP) as a versatile technology platform for future advanced manufacturing systems. 49,50 Their applications have expanded dramatically from visual prototypes 51 to tissue engineering, 52,53 electronic devices, 54,55 and high-performance metamaterials. [56][57][58] The advantages of the PU over conventional polymers are summarized in Table 1.…”