“…The nanodimensional size and smaller polydispersity indices in the different nanocapsules formed could be because of the ultrasonic cavitation process that maintains a similar set of particles in the solution [25] . However, aggregated nanoparticles still persist because of negligible impact of nanoparticles on the process of cavitation [60] . The zeta potential of the nanocapsules varied between 17.50 mV and 18.09 mV with insignificant (p ≥ 0.05) difference among the nanocapsules.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Similar morphology has been reported in ionically gelled chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles treated with ultrasonication [25] . However, the existence of aggregated nanoparticles is because of their inconsiderable impact on the process of cavitation during the ultrasonication process [60] . Fig.…”
Highlights
Chtosan polymer produces nanocapsules through ionic gelation with sodium bisulfate.
The nanocapsules were amorphous with spherical to irregular shape.
Hydroxytyrosol (HT) was nanoencapsulated using ultrasonication in tandem.
Nanoencapsulated HT was protected during the gastrointestinal simulations.
Drug release was slow and took place mainly during the intestinal simulation.
“…The nanodimensional size and smaller polydispersity indices in the different nanocapsules formed could be because of the ultrasonic cavitation process that maintains a similar set of particles in the solution [25] . However, aggregated nanoparticles still persist because of negligible impact of nanoparticles on the process of cavitation [60] . The zeta potential of the nanocapsules varied between 17.50 mV and 18.09 mV with insignificant (p ≥ 0.05) difference among the nanocapsules.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Similar morphology has been reported in ionically gelled chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles treated with ultrasonication [25] . However, the existence of aggregated nanoparticles is because of their inconsiderable impact on the process of cavitation during the ultrasonication process [60] . Fig.…”
Highlights
Chtosan polymer produces nanocapsules through ionic gelation with sodium bisulfate.
The nanocapsules were amorphous with spherical to irregular shape.
Hydroxytyrosol (HT) was nanoencapsulated using ultrasonication in tandem.
Nanoencapsulated HT was protected during the gastrointestinal simulations.
Drug release was slow and took place mainly during the intestinal simulation.
“…Coalescence of CS droplets with NaOH droplets takes place and thereby precipitation of CS in small solid particles [83]. To intensify the emulsion crosslinking process for the synthesis of CS NPs, Zhang et al [84] developed a controlled hydrodynamic cavitation technique. Their work demonstrated the feasibility of hydrodynamic cavitation as an energy-efficient approach for intensifying the emulsion crosslinking synthesis of CS NPs compared with ultrasonic horn and conventional drop-by-drop process.…”
Section: Emulsion Droplet Coalescence (Emulsion Crosslinking and Precipitation)mentioning
Nanoparticles (NPs) have an outstanding position in pharmaceutical, biological, and medical disciplines. Polymeric NPs based on chitosan (CS) can act as excellent drug carriers because of some intrinsic beneficial properties including biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, bioactivity, easy preparation, and targeting specificity. Drug transport and release from CS-based particulate systems depend on the extent of cross-linking, morphology, size, and density of the particulate system, as well as physicochemical properties of the drug. All these aspects have to be considered when developing new CS-based NPs as potential drug delivery systems. This comprehensive review is summarizing and discussing recent advances in CS-based NPs being developed and examined for drug delivery. From this point of view, an enhancement of CS properties by its modification is presented. An enhancement in drug delivery by CS NPs is discussed in detail focusing on (i) a brief summarization of basic characteristics of CS NPs, (ii) a categorization of preparation procedures used for CS NPs involving also recent improvements in production schemes of conventional as well as novel CS NPs, (iii) a categorization and evaluation of CS-based-nanocomposites involving their production schemes with organic polymers and inorganic material, and (iv) very recent implementations of CS NPs and nanocomposites in drug delivery.
“…A chitosan nanoparticle was first developed by coupling amino groups of the chitosan molecules with aldehydic groups of cross-linking. In the cross-linking process, the cross-linking oil phase is used as a suspension that, depending on its physical properties, can vastly affect the morphology of the droplets, uniformity, and stability of the W/O emulsion [64]. The preparation of chitosan nanocrystals involves water in the oil emulsion followed by the addition of a cross-linking agent that hardens the formed droplets [63].…”
Section: Emulsification and Crosslinkingmentioning
The newly engineered functional systems of nanotechnology implemented in food packaging minimize food product loss by extending shelf life. The incorporation of nanostructured materials into packaging formulations enhanced the existing characteristics of food packaging materials by increasing the specific surface area of these biopolymers. Natural biopolymers were regarded as greener, more sustainable, and environmentally friendly materials. Starch nanocrystals have been employed effectively as fillers in polymer matrices to enhance mechanical and moisture barrier characteristics. Both chitin and chitosan nanoparticles were biocompatible, biodegradable, inexpensive in cost, and mucoadhesive in nature. Alginate nanoparticles demonstrated high thermal and chemical stability. Because of these features, polysaccharide-based nanoparticles were excellent candidates for nano reinforcements in bio-nanocomposites. The nano sized forms of starch, chitin, chitosan, and alginate are non-toxic and antimicrobial. This study focused on current advances in the development of food packaging films based on starch, chitin, chitosan, and alginate nanoparticles, as well as trends and challenges in the formulation of bio-based polymers. This review detailed the synthesis of starch, chitin, chitosan, and alginate nanoparticles using various techniques such as hydrolysis, ionic gelation, reverse micellization, emulsification, and crosslinking. This type of polysaccharide-based bio-nanocomposite is expected to revolutionize the entire food packaging industry.
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