Hydrocracking of Cerbera manghas Oil with Co-Ni/HZSM-5 as Double Promoted Catalyst

Abstract

The effect of various reaction temperature on the hydrocracking of Cerbera manghas oil to produce a paraffin-rich mixture of hydrocarbons with Co-Ni/HZSM-5 as doubled promoted catalyst were studied. The Co-Ni/HZSM-5 catalyst with various metal loading and metal ratio was prepared by incipient wetness impregnation. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, AAS, and N2 adsorption-desorption. Surface area, pore diameter, and pore volume of catalysts decreased with the increasing of metals loading. The hydrocracking process was conducted under initial hydrogen pressure in a batch reactor equipped with a mechanical stirrer. The reaction was carried out at a temperature of 300-375 o C for 2 h. Depending on the experimental condition, the reaction pressure changed between 10 bar and 15 bar. Several parameters were used to evaluate biofuel produced, including oxygen removal, hydrocarbon composition and gasoline/kerosene/diesel yields. Biofuel was analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The composition of hydrocarbon compounds in liquid products was similar to the compounds in the gasoil sold in unit of Pertamina Gas Stations, namely pentadecane, hexadecane, heptadecane, octadecane, and nonadecane with different amounts for each biofuel produced at different reaction temperatures. However, isoparaffin compounds were not formed at all operating conditions. Pentadecane (n-C15) and heptadecane (n-C17) were the most abundant composition in gasoil when Co-Ni/HZSM-5 catalyst was used. Cerbera Manghas oil can be recommended as the source of non-edible vegetable oil to produce gasoil as an environmentally friendly transportation fuel.

A Mass Ratio of Hierarchical H-ZSM5 And Fatty Acid Methyl Ester of Cerbera Manghas Oil and The Effect on The Hydrocarbon Liquid Product Composition

“…The potential for oil yields produced from Cerbera manghas seeds provides a great opportunity to convert Cerbera manghas seed oil into biofuels or biofuels [8,9] . However, this conversion process requires high temperature and pressure, the use of hydrogen gas, and a longer reaction mechanism, as reported in previous studies [6] . Prajitno et al [6] reported that hydrocarbon compounds containing oxygen atoms were still found in the produced biofuels.…”

“…However, this conversion process requires high temperature and pressure, the use of hydrogen gas, and a longer reaction mechanism, as reported in previous studies [6] . Prajitno et al [6] reported that hydrocarbon compounds containing oxygen atoms were still found in the produced biofuels. Therefore, a strategy is needed to shorten the reaction mechanism by using Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) from Cerbera manghas seed oil to obtain biofuel, which is equivalent to fuel oil.…”

“…Cerbera manghas plants are usually used as greenery plants and dry flower crafts because Cerbera manghas is known to have toxins in all parts of the plant, so the community does not widely use it, and its economic value is still low. Bintaro seeds contain between 35-50 wt.% [6] . Atabani et al [7] reported that Cerbera manghas seed oil has a content of 54 wt.% oleic acid is the main content of Cerbera manghas seed oil.…”

Synthesis, characterization, and application of ZnO/ZSM-5 as catalyst in the cracking process of palm methyl esters

“…However, it is unfortunate that the resulting product yield is still low so that the zeolite performance is improved by developing metals. These metals include nickel, cuprum, zinc, platinum, paladium and aurum [1,4,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Not only that, several metal oxides (such as ZnO, NiO, CuO, PbO, MgO, and others) are also applied to zeolite catalysts to determine their performance in various processes that produce biofuels [5][6][7][22][23][24].…”

Bimetallic Lanthanum-Cerium-Loaded HZSM-5 Composite for Catalytic Deoxygenation of Microalgae-Hydrolyzed Oil into Green Hydrocarbon Fuels

“…Liquid biofuels have been developed with a lot of money and they may be the only alternative to traditional transportation fuels in the future [21]. However, because crude bio-oil still has a lot of oxygen atoms, a high freezing point, a high viscosity, a low heating value, and thermal instability, it cannot directly be used as a biofuel [22]. FAME (fatty acid methyl ester), which is made by transesterification, is the biodiesel that is most often used.…”