Hydroconversion of a mixture of long chain n-paraffins to middle distillate: effect of the operating parameters and products properties

Modelling of hydrocracking with vapour–liquid equilibrium

“…Since the same kinetic expression has been used for vapour and liquid, the equations for the two phases can be summed up so that a single balance equation is obtained. This can be correctly done even if applying a different multiplying factor to the reaction term for liquid and vapour (higher reactivity of liquid phase has been previously observed by Calemma et al, 2001). This is due to the type of dependent and independent variables in the model, coherent with the variables used for experimental data, which represent the global system behaviour without differentiating between liquid and vapour phases:…”

“…Conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium are considered without interand intra-phase resistance because the experiments were carried out in a tubular reactor with powdered catalyst (Calemma et al, 2001).…”

“…1) and an increase in the hydrogen to waxes mass ratio leads to an increase in the waxes (C 22+ ) conversion: according to Calemma et al (2001) reactivity significantly increases with the H 2 /waxes ratio.…”

Catalysis in the Upgrading of Fischer–Tropsch Syncrude

“…[431][432][433][434] Unsulfided noble metal catalysts seem to work very well, not only on a small scale, [435][436][437] but also on a commercial scale, as used in the SMDS process in Bintulu, Malaysia. 438 It is likely that the proprietary catalyst employed by Shell in their SMDS process is a noble metal catalyst such as Pt on ASA support.…”

Effect of metal loading on activity, selectivity and deactivation behavior of Pd/silica–alumina catalysts in the hydroconversion of n-hexadecane

“…The waxy products of the FTsynthesis are characterized by the absence of sulfur compounds. For this reason, noble metals such as Pt and Pd or PtPd alloys, which would otherwise be poisoned, can be used in hydrocracking catalysts, and provide high selectivity to middle distillate [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Due to the high content of linear paraffins in FT-waxes, the resulting fuels are characterized by a high cetane number (good combustion properties).…”