Hydraulic fracture evaluation with multiple radioactive tracers

Pemper, Richard; Flecker, Michael; McWhirter, V.C.; Oliver, Donald W.

doi:10.1190/1.1442410

Cited by 22 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Usually, the most common methods for the detection of PAM's concentration are starch cadmium iodide method and turbidimetry, in addition, extra tracers such as radioactive tracers, isotope tracers, and fluorescent chemicals are often introduced into polymer solutions to monitor the concentration. However, these conventional agents and methods have many drawbacks such as complicated operation, high cost, and adverse effects on polymer solutions . Though much progress has been made in the developing of water‐soluble fluorescent agents to detect guest molecules as probes in molecular recognition area, the water‐soluble tracing agents for detecting polymer concentration has been rarely studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The design and properties study of a novel styryl‐pyridinium‐based water‐soluble fluorescent copolymer as tracing agent

Yan

Shen

et al. 2018

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A water-soluble fluorescent copolymer poly(acrylamide-acrylic acid-styrene pyridinium) (PAAS) for detecting polymer concentration in real time was synthesized via micellar free-radical polymerization by acrylamide, acrylic acid, and styryl-pyridinium salt derivative (SP-4). The special Donor-π-Acceptor unit and ionic structure of SP-4 endued the copolymer with excellent fluorescent properties and remarkable water solubility. The fluorescent copolymer was fully characterized by Fourier transform infrared, 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance, thermogravimetry, Ubbelohde viscosity, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and fluorescence measurements. Furthermore, the fluorescence intensity and the concentration of PAAS were verified to have ideal linear relationship with a correlation coefficient up to 0.9993, indicating that the copolymer's concentration can be easily measured by detecting its fluorescence intensity. Most importantly, the introduction of water-soluble fluorescent monomer SP-4 endowed the PAAS with good fluorescent stability in a wide range of temperature, pH, and brine concentrations. This study demonstrated that the fluorescent copolymer PAAS exhibits great potential application in detecting polymer concentration in various environments. Trans-4-[p-(N,N-diethyl) amino-styryl]-N-allyl pyridinium bromide (SP-2). Yield 50%. 1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 8.74 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 7.84 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H), 7.63 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 6.80 (d, J = 15.7 Hz, 1H), 6.62 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 6.01(m, 1H), 5.46 (d, J = 17.6 Hz, 1H), 5.42 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 1H), 5.28 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 2H), 3.38 (t, 4H), 1.16 (q, J = 5.2 Hz, 6H). MS [ESI-time of flight (TOF)] calcd for [C 20 H 25 N 2 ] + [M-Br] + 293.2012, found 293.2009. Trans-4-[p-(N,N-dibutyl) amino-styryl]-N-allyl pyridinium bromide (SP-4). Yield 55%. 1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 8.85 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 7.79 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H), 7.56 (d, J = 15.9 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.78 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 6.59 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.00 (m, J = 16.6, 11.3, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 5.48 (d, J = 17.0 Hz, 1H), 5.41 (d, J = 10.1 Hz, 1H), 5.30 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.28 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 4H), 1.53 (m, J = 7.6 Hz, 4H), 1.30 (m, J = 7.4 Hz, 4H), 0.92 (q, 6H). MS (ESI-TOF) calcd for [C 24 H 33 N 2 ] + [M-Br] + 349.2638, found 349.2616. Trans-4-[p-(N,N-dihexyl) amino-styryl]-N-allyl pyridinium bromide (SP-6). Yield 39%. 1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 8.85 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H), 7.76 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.78 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 6.60 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.02 (m, J = 16.5, 10.6, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.49 (d, Scheme 2. The synthesis of fluorescent monomers SP-n. ARTICLEWILEYONLINELIBRARY.COM/APP

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The design and properties study of a novel styryl‐pyridinium‐based water‐soluble fluorescent copolymer as tracing agent

Yan

Shen

et al. 2018

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…1 Unfortunately, the thermal degradation and hydrolysis of polyacrylamides would occur under high temperature and high salinity, which results in the decrease of polymer concentration and further reduction of the oil recovery. [2][3][4][5][6][7] Until now, there is no effective method to check the polymer concentration in the process of EOR. Usually, extra tracers such as radioactive tracers, isotope tracers and uorescent chemicals are oen introduced into polymer solutions to monitor the concentration in oil reservoirs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A water-soluble oil-displacing agent with tracer properties for enhancing oil recovery

Yan

Yin

et al. 2015

RSC Adv.

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A water-soluble fluorescent oil-displacing agent was prepared via copolymerization of acrylamide (AM), acrylic acid (AA) and coumarin derivatives (CO) for the first time. The rigid coumarin unit can be not only used as a fluorescent group for tracers, but also improves the heat-resistant performance of the displacement agent. The copolymer was fully characterized using FTIR, 1 H NMR, TG-DSC, UV-Vis and fluorescence measurements. The fluorescence intensity of the polymer exhibited a good linear relationship with its concentration and the linear correlation coefficient reached 0.9980, which indicated that the copolymer's concentration can be directly determined by measuring the fluorescence intensity. The pH and brine concentration of systems have no significant effect on the fluorescence intensity of the PAAC. It was also found that the viscosity retention rate of PAAC reached up to 42.3% at 100 C and PAAC exhibited excellent shear-thickening.Furthermore, up to 13.4% enhanced oil recovery was obtained using 2 g L À1 PAAC solution according to core flood tests. All results have demonstrated that the tracer copolymer PAAC with fluorescence properties exhibits great potential application for enhancing oil recovery. † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: The effect of synthesis conditions on copolymerization of PAAC, the excitation and emission spectra of PAAC. See

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“…The spectral gamma ray tool utilizes a CsI (Na) crystal to capture the gamma rays emitted from radioactive elements. 2 ,3 Each radioactive element 224 has its own energy characteristics, or fingerprint, that differentiates it from any other element ( Figure 1). The gamma energy spectrum is recorded from 0 to 2.56 MeV and divided into 256 individual 10 KeV channels.…”

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confidence: 99%

Improved Completion Designs In The Hugoton Field Utilizing Multiple Gamma Emitting Tracers

Hecker

Houston²,

Dumas

1995

Proceedings of SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition

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Multiple gamma emItting tracers and post fracture spectral gamma ray logs were used to optimize production and improve the completion designs of 150 gas wells in the southwest Kansas region of the Hugoton Field. The information from the tracers and logs has revealed unstimulated pay zones and has been the impetus for completion modifications, yielding substantial gains in production. Through the use of limited stress barriers and permeability variations, perforation schemes have been successfully modified to improve fracture containment and proppant placement over the 200ft Chase Group intervals. Previously these intervals were treated with multiple individual zone treatments. INTRODUCfION

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Hydraulic fracture evaluation with multiple radioactive tracers

Cited by 22 publications

References 5 publications

The design and properties study of a novel styryl‐pyridinium‐based water‐soluble fluorescent copolymer as tracing agent

The design and properties study of a novel styryl‐pyridinium‐based water‐soluble fluorescent copolymer as tracing agent

A water-soluble oil-displacing agent with tracer properties for enhancing oil recovery

Improved Completion Designs In The Hugoton Field Utilizing Multiple Gamma Emitting Tracers

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