Hydraulic Experiments on Impact Forces from Tsunami-Driven Debris

Effect of nonstructural mass on debris impact demands: Experimental and simulation studies

“…All test series involved in-air corner impact of the shipping container against load cell(s). The contribution of water to the debris impact demands was assessed through in-water scale-model testing and was found to be secondary to the ''pure'' structural impact [15,19,20]; consequently, the present paper examines in-air debris impact demands. The impact was generated using a pendulum system and steel cables were used to suspend the container, as illustrated in Fig.…”

“…In-water debris impact test results indicated that the effect of the fluid was negligible for design purposes [19,20], consequently the analysis approach does not consider the hydraulic effects on the impact event. Furthermore, the single object impact scenario is studied herein and the investigation of the damming effects from waterborne debris is beyond the scope of this study.…”

“…The simplified models do not account for the nonstructural contents of the debris. A small-scale model of the shipping container was tested in a wave flume to investigate the effect of water on debris impact forces [15,19,20]. Unsecured steel plates were used as a payload to study the effect of contents on impact force [19,20].…”

Estimation of demands resulting from inelastic axial impact of steel debris

“…The main focus was on the elastic behavior of wood poles and shipping containers, and a simplified elastic model for debris impact force estimation was developed [22][23][24][25]. A small-scale model of the shipping container was tested in a wave flume to investigate the effect of water on debris impact forces [23,27]; see also [26] for related experiments and simulation. The contribution of water to the debris impact demands was found to be secondary to the ''pure'' structural impact [23,27].…”

“…A small-scale model of the shipping container was tested in a wave flume to investigate the effect of water on debris impact forces [23,27]; see also [26] for related experiments and simulation. The contribution of water to the debris impact demands was found to be secondary to the ''pure'' structural impact [23,27]. In FEMA P646 [9], for a 20-ft shipping container axial impact it is suggested to increase the peak force by 14% to account for the ''hydrodynamic mass'' effect of the fluid.…”