Hydraulic Evaluation and Performance of On-Site Sanitation Systems in Central Thailand

Nouveau design solar septic tank: Reinvented toilet technology for sanitation 4.0

“…70% and 80% removal efficiencies of TN and TP, respectively, the nouveau design solar septic tank can satisfactorily achieve an overall TN (the sum of TKN, NO 2 -N and NO 3 -N) and TP removal efficiencies of 95% and 98%, respectively. A study by Koottatep et al, 2014a , Koottatep et al, 2014b on the same solar septic tank operating at the temperatures of 35–40 °C found the reduction of Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) densities to be about 1–2 log at 40 °C. Further studies on the pathogen inactivation efficiency of the UTST and MSL units are strongly recommended to validate the technical feasibility and its performance.…”

Public health performance of sanitation technologies in Tamil Nadu, India: Initial perspectives based on E. coli release

“…On each such visit, two types of samples were collected: (i) a single composite sample from the containment system liquid discharge (for systems with effluent pipes to the environment), and (ii) a composite sample of faecal sludge/septage from the containment system (a mixture of samples from the bottom, middle and top of the tank). All effluent and faecal sludge/septage samples were collected from the different containments systems according to sampling procedures in Koottatep et al (2021) , Bassan et al (2016) and Koottatep et al (2014) .…”

“…For the liquid discharge (i.e. effluent) composite sample, 10 grab samples of each 2-L (at an interval of 5 min) were collected from the effluent pipe of the containment system ( Koottatep et al, 2014 ; Nam et al, 2006 ; Amin et al, 2020 ). These were then mixed in a sterile container to form a composite sample from which a 1-L aliquot was collected, labelled, and taken to the lab for analysis.…”

“…fully-lined tank) that receives domestic wastewater for basic treatment through sedimentation and anaerobic processes to reduce organics and total solids; and (ii) the effluent receiver (such as a drain field, etc.) for further treatment and disposal of the tank effluent ( Missouri DHSS., 2018 ; Georgia Department of Public Health, 2019 ; Feachem et al, 1981 ; Wang et al, 2021 ; Koottatep et al, 2014 ). However, the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of septic systems are not well understood by users, policy makers, and utility authorities especially in the global south.…”

Solar septic tanks: A new sanitation paradigm for Thailand 4.0

“…3) where the temperature could be in excess of 55°C which effectively inactivates the faecal pathogens. Thus the solar septic tank produces a significantly higher quality effluent and contributes to environmental improvement and health risk reduction 10,11 .…”