Hybridization of cultivated Vitis vinifera with wild V. californica and V. girdiana in California

Abstract

Hybridization of introduced domesticates and closely related natives is well documented in annual crops. The widespread introduction of the domesticated grapevine, Vitis vinifera, into California where it overlaps with two native congenerics, with which it is interfertile, provides opportunity to investigate hybridization between woody perennials. Although geographically widespread, the introduction over the past two centuries has been limited to a few elite clonal cultivars, providing a unique opportunity to study the effects of hybridization on the native species. The amount of hybridization with V. vinifera and the genetic diversity of wild‐growing Vitis californica and Vitis girdiana were examined using nineteen microsatellite markers. STRUCTURE analysis was used to define hybrid and introgressed individuals and to analyze genetic structure of the native species. FAMOZ software was used to identify which V. vinifera cultivars served as parents of F 1 hybrids. The three species were clearly distinguished by STRUCTURE analysis. Thirty percent of 119 V. californica vines were hybrids. The domesticated parent was identified for 16 F 1 hybrid vines; the original California cultivar, ‘Mission’, was the parent of eight. Backcrosses were also found, showing introgression into subsequent generations. Similar results were obtained for a small sample of V. girdiana. Removing hybrids greatly reduced the genetic variation of the presumed pure species, among which there was essentially no genetic structure. Limited genetic variability indicates the California natives may be threatened by genetic erosion. The discovery of F 1 hybrids of ‘Mission’, a cultivar not grown in the areas for ~100 years, suggests long generation times for wild vines that, often, grow into expansive liana and propagate by layering, all factors that limit recruitment in populations already disjunct by habitat lose. Hermaphroditic flowers and fruit that is more attractive to birds may favor the production of backcross seed and establishment of introgressed individuals.

Applying gene flow science to environmental policy needs: a boundary work perspective

“…), with emerging evidence for introgression in additional systems (Dangl et al. ). Beyond population‐level effects, the impacts of gene exchange on community‐level interactions (e.g., trophic effects, predator–prey dynamics) are difficult to generalize and will depend on many system‐ and site‐specific variables.…”

“…In general, consequences of highest concern occur when populations of wild relatives are genetically or demographically pushed to extinction (Ellstrand and Elam 1993;Lu 2013) or when hybridized populations become weedy or invasive (Ellstrand et al 2010;Roso et al 2010). Although these two dramatic outcomes are rarely observed, the persistence of crop genes in populations of wild relatives has been documented in over a dozen systems (Ellstrand et al 2013), with emerging evidence for introgression in additional systems (Dangl et al 2015). Beyond population-level effects, the impacts of gene exchange on community-level interactions (e.g., trophic effects, predator-prey dynamics) are difficult to generalize and will depend on many system-and site-specific variables.…”

The Genetic Diversity of Wild Grapes in Mexico

“…On the other hand, DNA-based molecular markers are a robust and valuable tool capable of providing reliable results. The international grape research community has employed simple sequence repeats (SSRs) markers to maintain grape germplasm collections (Dangl et al 2015;Laucou et al 2011), determine parent progeny relationships (Bowers et al 1999;Lacombe et al 2013;Riaz et al 2019), identify grape cultivars, to assess germplasm diversity (Riaz et al 2013;Riaz et al 2019;This et al 2004;Vouillamoz et al 2006), develop genetic maps (Doligez et al 2006a;Pap et al 2016;Riaz et al 2004;Riaz et al 2012) and for use in marker-aided selection in grape breeding programs (Riaz et al 2008). In this study, we employed SSR markers to develop a fingerprint database of wild germplasm collected from Northern and Central Mexico.…”

Design and validation of an STR hexaplex assay for DNA profiling of grapevine cultivars

“…Similar protocols were adopted by Dangl et al. and Laucou et al. who genotyped 4370 grapevine accessions for 20 microsatellites using eight PCR amplifications and three sequencing runs .…”

“…It also has advantages over profiling of grapevine must proteins [10], anthocyanines [11], amino acids [12], aromatic compounds [13,14], and chemical protocol uses large amounts of template DNA and requires post-PCR amplicon pooling before electrophoresis. Similar protocols were adopted by Dangl et al [22] and Laucou et al [23] who genotyped 4370 grapevine accessions for 20 microsatellites using eight PCR amplifications and three sequencing runs [23,24]. Such a sequential protocol is not amenable to DNA profiling of low number of samples and from sources where grapevine DNA is present in low quantities, i.e.…”