Hybrid Power Divider and Combiner for Passive RFID Tag Wireless Energy Harvesting

Zafar, Muazzam; Ekpo, Sunday; George, Jeena; Sheedy, Paul; Uko, Mfonobong Charles; Gibson, Andy

doi:10.1109/access.2021.3138070

Cited by 21 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…The implementation of techniques including clock synchronization and error correction algorithms would further improve the reliability of transmission by reducing the bit error rate. Deploying reconfigurable MIMO antenna frontend subsystems would increase the data throughput [19]. An industry-grade commercial implementation of the proposed hybrid mmWave-Li-Fi system requires a direct link to the vehicles' CAN bus system with a manufacturerspecific integration.…”

Section: Path For Further Development Of Proof-of-concept Li-fi Syste...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hybrid mmWave-Li-Fi 5G Architecture for Reconfigurable Variable Latency and Data Rate Communications

et al. 2023

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Despite modern vehicles having the necessary advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) for autonomous operation, current implementations rely solely on sensor information from the surrounding environment or data from smart infrastructure. However, shortcomings in current implementations and standards around cost-effective variable latency and data rate have prevented widespread adoption of the technology to enable autonomous operation. This paper presents a proof-of-concept (PoC) reconfigurable design and performance of a hybrid high-ultra-high bands [i.e., millimetre-Wave (mmWave)-light fidelity (Li-Fi)] fifth generation (5G) architecture for autonomous vehicular communication applications. The hybrid multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system architecture design is mathematically modelled and presented. The reported prelim PoC validation focuses on the Li-Fi experiment and results. The proposed hybrid system's effectiveness was evaluated using the open-source "Model-based Autonomous Traffic Simulation" (MOBATSim). The simulation results of a potential Li-Fi system and a PoC prototype are presented to demonstrate the role of the Li-Fi system in the proposed hybrid mmWave-Li-Fi 5G architecture. Three models of LED/lamp and two models of photodiode were simulated at three different vehicle speeds to ascertain the potential of the system. Promising results are reported at low speeds with received power values of up to -8.39 dBm and signal to noise ratios of up to 29.39 dB. Practical prototype simulations showed auspicious results including received power of -24.6 dBm to -34.12 dBm at the vehicle speeds of 10 MPH to 30 MPH respectively. The implemented PoC Li-Fi technology component has demonstrated the ability to transmit information with a theoretical output of 333 bits per second at 1.92 m, without the use of any highpower processors, components, and modulation techniques. The proposed system yields high data rates due to reconfigurable high bandwidth channels; many simultaneous multimedia mmWave-Li-Fi connections enabled due to spatial reuse with narrow beams; and easier mmWave-Li-Fi ultra-low latency support occasioned by smaller packet sizes. This holds a great promise for the hybrid 5G/6G mmWave-Li-Fi autonomous vehicular communication use case and/or applications.

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Section: Path For Further Development Of Proof-of-concept Li-fi Syste...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They utilise cutting-edge technologies including mmWave 5G New Radio (NR) to provide gigabit speeds at ultra-low latency. IEEE 802.11p is based on Wi-Fi and is the sole standardised implementation to be utilized in a commercial vehicle [15][16][17][18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid mmWave-Li-Fi 5G Architecture for Reconfigurable Variable Latency and Data Rate Communications

et al. 2023

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“…Although the evaluated lumped element capacitances and inductances presented in Figure 16 are valid with f c within the IHRFB for depths up to 60 m, further evaluation of line parameters will yield more precise frequency values where non-resonant modes are required for coupling to an antenna array. For depths beyond 60 m, range extension within the IHRFB is achievable with implementation of the LH-TL circuit and components [52], [53]. The approach developed in this study considered the well tubular structure as a waveguide consisting of concentric cylindrical tubing and casing with the transmission line as a wave excitation source in the middle of the air-filled dielectric medium.…”

Section: Effect Of Ideal Reactances On Left-handed Transmission Frequ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Waveguide Analysis of Radiofrequency Transmission in Well Tubulars for Electromagnetic Heating of Heavy Oil

2023

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This paper presents the numerical modelling and simulation of a 2D vertical well tubular model excited by a coaxial radiofrequency transmission line placed in its annular space for the purpose of downhole RF energy transmission. The study identifies the mechanism of energy losses due to coupling between the transmission line and steel tubing and casing using resonance mode analysis. The design of a left-handed artificial power line is proposed to minimize the losses due to the right-handed properties of the coaxial transmission line. The design utilizes ideal lumped element method to determine the left-handedness of the right-handed coaxial transmission line over the industrial heating radio-frequency band. The model is developed and simulated using COMSOL multi-physics commercial simulation software. The effect of transmission line position within the annular space on the tangential magnetic field and resulting power losses along the tubing is discussed. It is observed that the resulting artificial power line improves RF power transmission over 60 m depths of the vertical oil well within the industrial heating radiofrequency band.

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“…In the passive UHF RFID chip, the rectifier circuit converts the radio frequency waves into a direct current voltage to power the system. As the sensor or RFID tag works at a long distance from the transmitter, the input voltage of the tag is usually very small, approximately 200mV or even lower [37]- [40]. A low-resistance Schottky diode is used to improve the efficiency of output voltage.…”

Section: A Rectifiermentioning

confidence: 99%

A Low-Power Passive UHF Tag With High-Precision Temperature Sensor for Human Body Application

et al. 2022

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Radio frequency identification (RFID) tags are widely used in various electronic devices due to their low cost, simple structure, and convenient data reading. This topic aims to study the key technologies of ultra-high frequency (UHF) RFID tags and high-precision temperature sensors, and how to reduce the power consumption of the temperature sensor and the overall circuits while maintaining minimal loss of performance. Combined with the biomedicine, an innovative high-precision human UHF RFID chip for body temperature monitoring is designed. In this study, a ring oscillator whose output frequency is linearly related to temperature is designed and proposed as a temperature-sensing circuit by innovatively combining auxiliary calibration technology. Then, a binary counter is used to count the pulses, and the temperature is ultimately calculated. We designed a relaxation oscillator independent of voltage and current. The various types of resistors were used to offset the temperature deviation. A current mirror array calibration circuit is used to calibrate the process angle deviation of the clock circuit with a self-calibration algorithm. This study mainly contributes to reducing power consumption and improving accuracy. The total power consumption of the RF/analog front-end and temperature sensor is 7.65 μW. The measurement error of the temperature sensor in the range of 0-60 ℃ is less than ±0.1%, and the accuracy of the output frequency of the clock circuit is ±2.5%.

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Hybrid Power Divider and Combiner for Passive RFID Tag Wireless Energy Harvesting

Cited by 21 publications

References 32 publications

Hybrid mmWave-Li-Fi 5G Architecture for Reconfigurable Variable Latency and Data Rate Communications

Hybrid mmWave-Li-Fi 5G Architecture for Reconfigurable Variable Latency and Data Rate Communications

Waveguide Analysis of Radiofrequency Transmission in Well Tubulars for Electromagnetic Heating of Heavy Oil

A Low-Power Passive UHF Tag With High-Precision Temperature Sensor for Human Body Application

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