Hybrid mmWave-Li-Fi 5G Architecture for Reconfigurable Variable Latency and Data Rate Communications

Abstract

Despite modern vehicles having the necessary advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) for autonomous operation, current implementations rely solely on sensor information from the surrounding environment or data from smart infrastructure. However, shortcomings in current implementations and standards around cost-effective variable latency and data rate have prevented widespread adoption of the technology to enable autonomous operation. This paper presents a proof-of-concept (PoC) reconfigurable design and performance of a hybrid high-ultra-high bands [i.e., millimetre-Wave (mmWave)-light fidelity (Li-Fi)] fifth generation (5G) architecture for autonomous vehicular communication applications. The hybrid multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system architecture design is mathematically modelled and presented. The reported prelim PoC validation focuses on the Li-Fi experiment and results. The proposed hybrid system's effectiveness was evaluated using the open-source "Model-based Autonomous Traffic Simulation" (MOBATSim). The simulation results of a potential Li-Fi system and a PoC prototype are presented to demonstrate the role of the Li-Fi system in the proposed hybrid mmWave-Li-Fi 5G architecture. Three models of LED/lamp and two models of photodiode were simulated at three different vehicle speeds to ascertain the potential of the system. Promising results are reported at low speeds with received power values of up to -8.39 dBm and signal to noise ratios of up to 29.39 dB. Practical prototype simulations showed auspicious results including received power of -24.6 dBm to -34.12 dBm at the vehicle speeds of 10 MPH to 30 MPH respectively. The implemented PoC Li-Fi technology component has demonstrated the ability to transmit information with a theoretical output of 333 bits per second at 1.92 m, without the use of any highpower processors, components, and modulation techniques. The proposed system yields high data rates due to reconfigurable high bandwidth channels; many simultaneous multimedia mmWave-Li-Fi connections enabled due to spatial reuse with narrow beams; and easier mmWave-Li-Fi ultra-low latency support occasioned by smaller packet sizes. This holds a great promise for the hybrid 5G/6G mmWave-Li-Fi autonomous vehicular communication use case and/or applications.

CANAttack: Assessing Vulnerabilities within Controller Area Network

“…Here, we examine the latency of the CAN bus system when it is under attack. Understanding CAN bus latency is critical for creating real-time systems that rely on timely and coordinated communication between nodes [43]. Latency reduction is vital for ensuring efficient and dependable performance.…”

Design and Analysis of mm-Wave MIMO SIW Antenna for Multibeam 5G Applications

“…(𝐻𝑃𝐵𝑊) = 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 (7) Table X shows the respective coefficients of the polynomials. Since each MIMO system aims for a small weight and power and cost-effective implementation, the key design considerations of the RFFE must improve coverage and efficiency (lowest insertion loss; and excellent power handling); improve capacity (high intermodulation performance); and reduce system size (smallest form factor) [10], [12], [17]- [19]. In section II, an Expo-Gaussian probability density function was defined to modulate the offset locations of the magnetically coupled rectangular slots.…”

“…Other statistical PDFs can be modeled for better SLL and HPBW optimization and reconfigurable MIMO RF frontend architecture [10]- [14] for multidirectional and multibeam satellite-cellular 5G/6G communications [15]- [19].…”

Conditional Most-Correlated Distribution-Based Load-Balancing Scheme for Hybrid LiFi/WiGig Network

“…The CPU builds the DDR once and offline. The decision of each user could be: (20) for WiGig, AP i = 0 is utilized, and other values for i are used for LiFi APs. Algorithm 3 displays the pseudo algorithm for the DDR construction procedure.…”

“…A hybrid network that combines both LiFi and WiGig APs is feasible because LiFi and WiGig operate in separate frequency bands. This ensures that their applications will not interfere with each other [ 8 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. A single light-emitting diode (LED) can produce data at a rate of more than 3 Gb/s, whereas WiGig AP offers a data throughput of 7 Gb/s [ 17 , 18 ].…”