Hybrid nanomaterial: biocolloidals

Abstract

Nanomaterials-based diagnostics have tremendous advantages over other conventional diagnostic systems in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and portability owing to the unique intrinsic properties of nanomaterials. Thus, there is a substantial need to develop and employ a broad spectrum of nanomaterials for biological and diagnostic applications. In this review, we focus on nanomaterials-assisted disease diagnosis utilizing different techniques such as photoluminescence, colorimetry, fluorescence, electrochemistry, microarray methods, surface plasmon resonance, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. In these techniques, different nanomaterials, including but not limited to gold and silver materials, metal oxides, and semiconductors, were employed according to their all-purpose chemical and physical properties. As the new properties of nanomaterials are discovered, their contributions to nanobiotechnology applications are vastly increased. In this review, the features of the selected nanobiomaterials, biological tag-modified nanomaterials, and their outstanding applications for the detection of specific biotargets have been summarized according to the latest studies. Nanomaterials contribute to the fields of photo/chemotherapy and biomedical imaging in particular, since all the biological events happen within this size range and beneficiary roles of nanoparticles (NPs) are countless in biomedical applications due to their unique physical and chemical properties. However, due to the necessity of specificity and selectivity, there is a clear ambition to study bioconjugation of NPs to increase the efficiency of the targeted biological applications. Thus, the combination of the specificity and the intrinsic properties of biohybrid NPs facilitate diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

Multichannel Fluorescence Microscopy: Advantages of Going beyond a Single Emission

“…[21,22] In addition, the development of synthetic methods makes it possible the combination between different emitting agents, including particles and organic-based molecules, for the construction of fluorescent nanocomposites with combined properties that can be used as fluorescent sensors at the nano-and microscale. [23,24] Fluorescent sensing takes advantage of the effect of the surrounding medium on the emission properties of the fluorescent reporter (i.e., the probe or sensor). [25,26] The emission of fluorescent molecules and particles can be influenced by changes in the characteristics of the surrounding medium (e.g., temperature, pH, viscosity, or ion concentration), and this can be harnessed for sensing.…”

“…[ 21,22 ] In addition, the development of synthetic methods makes it possible the combination between different emitting agents, including particles and organic‐based molecules, for the construction of fluorescent nanocomposites with combined properties that can be used as fluorescent sensors at the nano‐ and microscale. [ 23,24 ]…”

Theranostic cancer applications utilized by nanoparticles offering multimodal systems and future insights

“…Nanoparticle-based cancer diagnostics employ various instrumental techniques utilizing optical, magnetic, radioactive and acoustic properties of carrier or contrast agent nanoparticles [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. These particles either have those properties intrinsically (material and shape dependent) or carry those molecules or other nanoparticles that embody them.…”

“…Also, hybrid nanoparticles consisting of two or more types of different templating or precursor materials can be fabricated to gain more than one of those properties within one particle system [10]. On the other hand, change in the physical properties of the nanoparticles such as size, shape or shell thickness (in hybrid particles) also lead those properties to change so this tunability can be exploited to comply with the desired application [6,23,24]. For example, absorption of the near-IR (NIR) irradiation is quite important in bioimaging applications since this region of the light spectrum is not harmful due to its minimal absorption by the tissues [8,23,25].…”

“…folic acid) and DNAs (i.e. aptamers) specific to the target cancer cell lines [6,7,[27][28][29][30]. Those affinity tags target the specific biomarkers (peptides, glycoproteins and etc.)…”