Hybrid diffuse optical techniques for continuous hemodynamic measurement in gastrocnemius during plantar flexion exercise

Abstract

Abstract. Occlusion calibrations and gating techniques have been recently applied by our laboratory for continuous and absolute diffuse optical measurements of forearm muscle hemodynamics during handgrip exercises. The translation of these techniques from the forearm to the lower limb is the goal of this study as various diseases preferentially affect muscles in the lower extremity. This study adapted a hybrid near-infrared spectroscopy and diffuse correlation spectroscopy system with a gating algorithm to continuously quantify hemodynamic responses of medial gastrocnemius during plantar flexion exercises in 10 healthy subjects. The outcomes from optical measurement include oxy-, deoxy-, and total hemoglobin concentrations, blood oxygen saturation, and relative changes in blood flow (rBF) and oxygen consumption rate (r _ VO 2 ). We calibrated rBF and r _ VO 2 profiles with absolute baseline values of BF and _ VO 2 obtained by venous and arterial occlusions, respectively. Results from this investigation were comparable to values from similar studies. Additionally, significant correlation was observed between resting local muscle BF measured by the optical technique and whole limb BF measured concurrently by a strain gauge venous plethysmography. The extensive hemodynamic and metabolic profiles during exercise will allow for future comparison studies to investigate the diagnostic value of hybrid technologies in muscles affected by disease.

Clinical applications of near-infrared diffuse correlation spectroscopy and tomography for tissue blood flow monitoring and imaging

“…DCS/DCT technologies have been extensively explored to be used in animal models and human subjects for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of diseases in various tissues and organs including brains (Cheng et al , 2014; Hou et al , 2014; Busch et al , 2016a; Kim et al , 2014; Kim et al , 2010; Favilla et al , 2014; Lin et al , 2016; Dehaes et al , 2014; Durduran et al , 2010b; Shang et al , 2011b; Buckley et al , 2013; Zirak et al , 2014), skeletal muscles (Henry et al , 2015; Mesquita et al , 2013; Yu et al , 2005a; Shang et al , 2012; Gurley et al , 2012), and tumors (Chung et al , 2015; Choe et al , 2014; Zhou et al , 2007; Durduran et al , 2005; He et al , 2015; Sunar et al , 2006; Dong et al , 2012b; Dong et al , 2016). Since this review focuses on the clinical applications, only typical clinical examples are presented in the following subsections based on different types of tissues/organs.…”

“…To overcome these limitations, our group recently created a calibration protocol for absolute flow measurements and a gating algorithm to minimize motion artifacts during exercise (Gurley et al , 2012; Henry et al , 2015). Briefly, a hybrid DCS/NIRS instrument along with a pre-exercise arterial occlusion protocol was utilized to quantify the absolute baseline blood flow value before exercise.…”

“…Simultaneous measurements of tissue blood flow and blood oxygenation using combined DCS and NIRS instruments enable the evaluation of tissue metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (Durduran et al , 2004; Roche-Labarbe et al , 2010; Lin et al , 2016; Dehaes et al , 2014; Durduran et al , 2010b; Buckley et al , 2013; Henry et al , 2015; Shang et al , 2012; Gurley et al , 2012; Chung et al , 2015). This metabolic parameter is potentially a more direct indicator of tissue metabolic activities, which integrates many factors and provides further insight about tissue pathophysiology.…”

Studies into the determinants of skeletal muscle oxygen consumption: novel insight from near‐infrared diffuse correlation spectroscopy

“…Several laboratories have already combined DCS with conventional NIRS during exercise, establishing good ‘proof‐of‐concept’ (Henry et al . ; Baker et al . ; Carp et al .…”

“…Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is emerging as a powerful new tool to assess skeletal muscle perfusion (Gurley et al 2012;Henry et al 2015;Baker et al 2017;Carp et al 2017;Shang et al 2017;Bangalore-Yogananda et al 2018;Hammer et al 2018). DCS is completely non-invasive, has excellent temporal resolution (Bi et al 2015) and has been validated in a variety of organs and tissues against several different standards, including laser Doppler (Shang et al 2011), xenon-CT (Kim et al 2014), fluorescent microsphere flow measurements (Zhou et al 2009) and arterial spin labelled-MRI (Yu et al 2007).…”