Abstract:• Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto e distribuído sob os termos da
AbstractDeparting from the hybridity literature on peacebuilding and electoral studies, this paper treats democratization in Afghanistan as a hybridization process. As a result, to understand the durability of corruption, fragile political parties, and non-democratic practices in the country, one should look more closely at the interplay between the current electoral system and how elites and local people respond to it.
“…Centralization, on the one hand, considers a hurdle for Democracy. On the other hand, Democracy and the centralized systems are not compatible concepts with each other, though Democracy gives rights for the people to decide upon their political destiny; however, the vertical structure of power interrupts the democratic process by fallacy (Gomes, 2018).…”
Section: Roots Of Coerced Nationalism That Lead To Sub-nationalismmentioning
Afghanistan is a multinational country with a weak nationalism. The fragility of nationalism and nations often has been due to races, religion, and stereotypes; however, in Afghanistan, the centralization of power has created fragility and significant rifts among ethnicities which the outcome is sub-nationalism. Sub-nationalism could be harmless in a decentralized political system, however, not definitely in a centralized political system. Throughout history, the centrality of authority strengthened ethnic cleavages, rivalries of ethnics overpower, single-ethnic hegemony, weak governance, and significantly disrupted the unity of ethnics. The big hurdle of Afghanistan for being a nation-state has been the centralization of power. Most authors and pamphlets advise concentration of power versus decentralized system in the country to preserve the unity of ethnicities. At the same time, Afghanistan experienced that such a system did not trigger unity of the nationalities.
“…Centralization, on the one hand, considers a hurdle for Democracy. On the other hand, Democracy and the centralized systems are not compatible concepts with each other, though Democracy gives rights for the people to decide upon their political destiny; however, the vertical structure of power interrupts the democratic process by fallacy (Gomes, 2018).…”
Section: Roots Of Coerced Nationalism That Lead To Sub-nationalismmentioning
Afghanistan is a multinational country with a weak nationalism. The fragility of nationalism and nations often has been due to races, religion, and stereotypes; however, in Afghanistan, the centralization of power has created fragility and significant rifts among ethnicities which the outcome is sub-nationalism. Sub-nationalism could be harmless in a decentralized political system, however, not definitely in a centralized political system. Throughout history, the centrality of authority strengthened ethnic cleavages, rivalries of ethnics overpower, single-ethnic hegemony, weak governance, and significantly disrupted the unity of ethnics. The big hurdle of Afghanistan for being a nation-state has been the centralization of power. Most authors and pamphlets advise concentration of power versus decentralized system in the country to preserve the unity of ethnicities. At the same time, Afghanistan experienced that such a system did not trigger unity of the nationalities.
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