Hybrid cross-linkable polymer/sol-gel waveguide modulators with 0.65V half wave voltage at 1550nm

Abstract

The authors report on a hybrid cross-linked electro-optic (EO) polymer/sol-gel Mach-Zehnder waveguide modulator with a half wave voltage (Vπ) of 0.65V at 1550nm. The low Vπ was achieved by a design that (1) combines both physical vertical tapers in the sol-gel core and photobleached index tapers in the EO polymer and (2) reduces the thickness of the device to 8μm. These combined physical and index tapers result in improved optical mode confinement in the EO polymer with low adiabatic optical transition loss. The reduced thickness results in a larger field across the EO polymer for the same voltage, enabling a lower Vπ.

Investigation of multilayer microstrip electrode for an asymmetric Mach–Zehnder modulator

“…The ultra-bandwidth of 150 GHz (Lee et al 2002) for polymer Y. Wen (B) · X. Zhang · H. Liu · C. Huang School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China e-mail: wy0856@yahoo.com.cn modulator has been reported due to the excellent velocity matching between the carrier optical wave and modulating microwaves. The electro-optic coefficient can achieve as large as 320 pm/V (Kim et al 2007) and the half-wave voltage is as low as 0.65 V (Enami et al 2007). In our work, an asymmetric Mach-Zehnder modulator (AMZM) is designed to make the initial phase difference between the two arms as to π/2.…”

Nano-Engineering of Molecular Interactions in Organic Electro-Optic Materials

“…TiO 2 has been shown to be quite useful as a blocking layer in organic materials-based devices by acting as a Schottky-type barrier in blocking excess charge injection into the organic layer (Sprave et. al, 2006;Enami et. al., 2007;.…”

Optimal design of a high-speed polymer Mach-Zehnder interferometer electro-optic switch over 260 GHz

“…The device consists of two symmetric 3 dB MMI couplers as the power splitter and power combiner, respectively, an MZI EO region with length L EO , and a push-pull dual-driving electrode structure comprising two upper operation electrodes with width W, gap G and thickness b 3 and a grounded under electrode. The refractive index and amplitude bulk attenuation coefficient are n 1 = 1.643 and 1 =2.0 dB/cm for the cross-linked core material AJ309 [8,9] , n 2 = 1.461 and 2 =0.25 dB/cm for the upper/under buffer layer material PFS-GMA, and n 4 = 1.0 and 4 =0 for the upper confined cladding material air [10] . The EO coefficient of the core is 33 = 138 pm/V [8,9] , and the refractive index and bulk extinction coefficient of the Au electrode are n 3 = 0.19 and 3 = 6.1, respectively [11] .…”