Hybrid Control of Container Cranes

Hellendoorn, Hans; Mulder, S.; Schutter, Bart De

doi:10.3182/20110828-6-it-1002.00010

Cited by 12 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The higher the SoC of the SC is, the higher its efficiency is. When the SoC is 1, the SC has the highest charge and discharge efficiency [37]; thus, the SC achieves full charge, which is beneficial for improving the hybrid system's efficiency.…”

Section: Utility Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Game-Based Energy Management Method for Hybrid RTG Cranes

Chen

Niu

et al. 2019

Energies

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In order to improve the energy efficiency and economic effect of conventional diesel-powered rubber-tired gantry (RTG) cranes in container terminals, various hybrid RTG cranes were studied. However, these current hybrid RTG cranes have several disadvantages, such as high initial investment cost and poor versatility of energy management methods. In this paper, a hybrid RTG crane consisting of a small-sized diesel generator (DG), a ternary material lithium battery, and a supercapacitor (SC) is studied, and a hybrid RTG crane energy management method based on game theory is proposed. The DG, lithium battery, and SC are modeled as three independent agents to participate in the game, and a multi-agent system (MAS) is established. During the RTG crane work process, agents achieve a coordinated and stable working state through the game, i.e., the Nash equilibrium. Three typical crane operation scenarios, the rated load, continuous work, and intermittent work, are simulated and studied. According to the results, combinations of the three devices can meet the power demand and system performance. The power of the DG in the hybrid system is small (only 20 kW), reducing fuel consumption and overall emissions during RTG crane operation.

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Section: Utility Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Game-Based Energy Management Method for Hybrid RTG Cranes

Chen

Niu

et al. 2019

Energies

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“…Another major contribution from researches in Netherlands who adopt a variable speed diesel generator (VSDG) and 1.38 kWh custom made supercapacitor bank is discussed in [5,6]. The variable speed diesel generator rated at 300 kW comprises a smart controller that adjusts engine speed according to demand.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Narrow Band State of Charge (SOC) Control Strategy for Hybrid Container Cranes

Bolonne

Chandima

2019

Energies

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This paper evaluates possibility of using a new hybrid system based on variable speed diesel generator (VSDG), Li-ion battery bank and supercapacitor bank (SC) for a rubber tire gantry crane (RTGC) used in container terminals. Existing commercial hybrid systems face difficulties producing high efficiencies, higher life span, and lower initial investment cost due to inheriting characteristics of batteries and supercapacitors. In the proposed power system, a variable speed diesel generator act as the principal energy source, while a Li-ion battery bank and SC bank act as an energy storage system. The battery supports the diesel generator during steady demand and further, it absorbs a part of energy during regeneration. The energy management strategy, control the power flow from different sources while maintaining battery state of charge (SOC) level within a narrow band. Unlike most battery systems, this narrow band operation of battery system increases its life span while reducing capacity fade. The originality of this study can be emphasized from this narrow band SOC control technique. Simulation results for real operational load cycles are presented showing a stable system operating under defined current limits which can enhance lifetime of battery system and increase fuel saving by downsizing 400 kW constant speed diesel generator to 200 kW VSDG.

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“…Furthermore, the dynamics of the storage system with its losses need to be taken into account; the expression in (7) dictates how the system loses energy over time; hence, Equation (16) is too approximative and overestimates the available energy, so it needs to be replaced by Equation (17).…”

Section: Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although other authors proposed RTG cranes equipped with batteries [13], these are best suited for reducing idle power consumption due to their low power density. Flywheels and supercapacitors are more suited for the high power flows deriving from the hoist motor (both when motoring and generating), and they have been the subject of multiple studies [12,[14][15][16][17]. Flywheel energy storage systems (FESSs) in particular have been found particularly suited for this task, as they show similar performance to supercapacitors, while being characterised by excellent ageing characteristics, which are independent of the charge rate or depth of discharge [1,18], allowing their lifetime to match that of the portal frame.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Power Management Strategy for Energy Storage with Stochastic Loads

2016

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Abstract:In this paper, a power management strategy (PMS) has been developed for the control of energy storage in a system subjected to loads of random duration. The PMS minimises the costs associated with the energy consumption of specific systems powered by a primary energy source and equipped with energy storage, under the assumption that the statistical distribution of load durations is known. By including the variability of the load in the cost function, it was possible to define the optimality criteria for the power flow of the storage. Numerical calculations have been performed obtaining the control strategies associated with the global minimum in energy costs, for a wide range of initial conditions of the system. The results of the calculations have been tested on a MATLAB/Simulink model of a rubber tyre gantry (RTG) crane equipped with a flywheel energy storage system (FESS) and subjected to a test cycle, which corresponds to the real operation of a crane in the Port of Felixstowe. The results of the model show increased energy savings and reduced peak power demand with respect to existing control strategies, indicating considerable potential savings for port operators in terms of energy and maintenance costs.

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Hybrid Control of Container Cranes

Cited by 12 publications

References 7 publications

Game-Based Energy Management Method for Hybrid RTG Cranes

Game-Based Energy Management Method for Hybrid RTG Cranes

Narrow Band State of Charge (SOC) Control Strategy for Hybrid Container Cranes

Optimal Power Management Strategy for Energy Storage with Stochastic Loads

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