Hybrid breeding boosted molecular genetics in rye

Abstract

History of rye (Secale cereale L.� breeding began from the first targeted selections made in Germany by the Probsteier Seed coo�erative around 1�50�� and over 150 years breeding yielded a tremendous amount of results. rye has also long been used as cytological subject due to its low number of chromosomes and their size. However�� genetic findings in rye u� to the early 19�0s were rather scant. About 120 genes could be assigned to seven lin�age grou�s. only through the develo�ment of new methods such as c-banding�� in situ DnA hybridization�� enzymology and molecular mar�er techniques achieved an enormous �rogress. Particularly�� the latter was driven by agronomic success of hybrid breeding in rye. The basic genetic �nowledge resulted from intra-and inters�ecies genetic diversity assay and �hylogenetic studies in the genus Secale using nuclear and cyto�lasmic molecular mar�ers facilitated successful selection of �arents for hybrid breeding and hence contributed to im�rovement of heterosis effects. Main achievements in rye hybrid breeding and genetic mechanisms ex�loited for different hybrid breeding strategies are discussed. The utilsation of landraces and wild relatives via advanced bac�cross �rocedures�� combined by QTL analysis and introgression libraries�� contributed to increase of heterotic effects. Those mar�er-assisted a��roaches became the basis of recent hybrid breeding of rye. Prediction of hybrid �erformance can also be im�roved significantly by mar�er-assisted selection and genomic selection based on genomewide mar�er data. The findings in rye genetics (including �hylogenetic�� ma��ing and �o�ulation studies� are reviewed in their relation with the hybrid breeding �ur�oses and demands. overall�� about 450 mor�hological and biochemical traits are ma��ed throughout the genome �lus about 5��000 DnA mar�ers. They are not only associated with individual chromosome or segments but also efficiently used for com�arative ma��ing (evolutionary studies��� Селекция ржи ведет сво� истори� на�иная с 1�50 г. с направленной селекции в семеновод�еском хозяйстве Probsteier (Германия�. Более �ем 150-летний период селекции дал колоссал��ные резул��таты. Благодаря малому �ислу и не�ол��шим размерам хромосом рож�� долгое время �ыла о�ъектом цитологи�еских исследований. тем не менее вплот�� до на�ала 19�0-х годов информации в о�ласти генети�еских исследований ржи �ыло не так уж много. Бол��шие успехи �ыли достигнуты тол��ко с развитием новых методов�� таких как дифференциал��ное c-окрашивание�� ги�ридизация in situ�� �елковые и молекулярные маркеры. �олекулярно-генети�е-ские исследования на ржи полу�или мощный импул��с в зна�ител��ной степени �лагодаря селекции ги�ридных форм ржи и успешному внедрени� ги�ридных сортов в производство. Фундаментал��ные генети�еские знания�� основанные на анализе внутри-и межвидового разноо�разия и филогенети�еских отношений в роде Secale�� в том �исле с помощ��� ядерных и цитоплазмати�еских ДН��-маркеров�� спосо�ствовали успешному под�ору родител��ских форм для скрещивания и тем самым внесли...

Genetic structure of a germplasm for hybrid breeding in rye (Secale cereale L.)

“…grain yield displaying a 110–140% average relative to midparent performance [ 11 – 13 ].With the discovery of cytoplasmic male-sterility (CMS) alleles, breeding effort shifted from open-pollinating varieties (OPVs) to hybrids [ 14 ]. Breeding of hybrids in rye rely on a three-way cross of the formula (A CMS x B NRG ) x R, involving three components, a maternal line carrying the CMS allele, a non-restorer germplasm (NRG) for maintaining the CMS and a restorer (R) pollen father carrying the restorer of fertility (Rf) allele [ 15 ]. In order to achieve the highest potential of heterosis effect, parental lines should originate from genetically separate, heterotic gene pools [ 16 ].…”

Phylogeny and genetic structure in the genus Secale

“…Although, cultivated varieties of cereal rye has been experiencing extensive genetic bottleneck [ 23 ] due to strong selection pressure, like many other cereal crops, significant proportion of genetic diversity is maintained in landraces [ 24 , 25 ] and wild and weedy forms [ 26 , 27 ]. Furthermore, these populations contain potentially useful traits such as resistance to diseases, adaptability to biotic and abiotic stress [ 28 , 29 ]. Therefore, considering that the wild and weedy forms may crossbreed with cultivated rye [ 30 ], these taxa, along with the landraces, constitute gene pools for desirable genes, and can be regarded as genetic resource reservoirs for new niches and future breeding programs of wheat, triticale and other crops [ 22 ].…”

Identifying variants associated with dwarfism via long read sequencing of theDdw1locus in winter rye

“…Besides several QTL controlling plant height [13], dwarfing genes have been reported. Most of them having a recessive character and are either gibberellic acid sensitive or insensitive [15]. Among the gibberellic acid sensitive individuals, four dominant loci have been identified throughout the genome.…”