Hybrid 3D Models: When Geomatics Innovations Meet Extensive Built Heritage Complexes

Abstract

This article proposes the use of a multiscale and multisensor approach to collect and model three-dimensional (3D) data concerning wide and complex areas to obtain a variety of metric information in the same 3D archive, which is based on a single coordinate system. The employment of these 3D georeferenced products is multifaceted and the fusion or integration among different sensors’ data, scales, and resolutions is promising, and it could be useful in the generation of a model that could be defined as a hybrid. The correct geometry, accuracy, radiometry, and weight of the data models are hereby evaluated when comparing integrated processes and results from Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS), Mobile Mapping System (MMS), Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), and terrestrial photogrammetry, while using Total Station (TS) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) for topographic surveys. The entire analysis underlines the potentiality of the integration and fusion of different solutions and it is a crucial part of the ‘Torino 1911’ project whose main purpose is mapping and virtually reconstructing the 1911 Great Exhibition settled in the Valentino Park in Turin (Italy).

HBIM-GIS Integration: From IFC to CityGML Standard for Damaged Cultural Heritage in a Multiscale 3D GIS

“…It is currently still closed and the surrounding area is classified as a "Red Area", identifying every city part damaged by the earthquake and temporary closed to the public for safety reasons. In order to support the representation of the church with a digital 3D model and in a multi-scale project to monitor the damage and for future reconstruction purposes, an integrated 3D metric survey [33][34][35] was performed in September 2017 by the Geomatics group of the Politecnico di Torino.…”

“…Sci. 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 20 In order to support the representation of the church with a digital 3D model and in a multi-scale project to monitor the damage and for future reconstruction purposes, an integrated 3D metric survey [31][32][33] was performed in September 2017 by the Geomatics group of the Politecnico di Torino.…”

“…In order to obtain an integrated and multi-scale model, the GIS project with the lower levels of detail (0 and 1) has been created. Thanks to the cartographic data available in the regional geoportal In order to support the representation of the church with a digital 3D model and in a multi-scale project to monitor the damage and for future reconstruction purposes, an integrated 3D metric survey [31][32][33] was performed in September 2017 by the Geomatics group of the Politecnico di Torino.…”

Structure-from-Motion (SFM) Photogrammetry as a Non-Invasive Methodology to Digitalize Historical Documents: A Highly Flexible and Low-Cost Approach?

“…Nowadays, geomatics provides effective tools in this direction, and digital photogrammetry has been successfully used in order to digitize historical cartography [14]. In the framework of image-based photogrammetric techniques, structure-from-motion (SfM) is one of the most used [15,16] because of its flexibility, ease of use and cost-effectiveness [17]. Starting from 2D images, the epipolar geometry is estimated thanks to feature matching algorithms, for example, SIFT algorithm (scale-invariant feature transform) [18,19].…”

Analysis of Differences in 3d Building Information Modeling

“…Also using Total Station (TS) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) for geo-referencing and topography measurement of object area. A 3D model, which relies on an accurate metric survey, could provide a useful base on which other analyses can be carried out, especially in the cultural heritage domain where highly detailed information that is connected to models and descriptive model data that provide a more general view of the studied (Chiabrando et al, 2019). The model from surveys measurements have real geometry with all deformations.…”