Huperzine A ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via the suppression of T cell-mediated neuronal inflammation in mice

MicroRNA‐132 suppresses autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inducing cholinergic anti‐inflammation: A new Ahr‐based exploration

“…In line with this observation, different inhibitors of AChE activity reduce the production of IL-17 and IFN-γ [33,43], and TNF-α [26,43] in T cells. These results further support our suggestion that the suppression of proinflammatory cytokines by TCDD is a component of miR-132-mediated cholinergic anti-inflammatory system.…”

“…Here, we showed that overexpression of miR-132 or its upregulation by TCDD in encephalitogenic LN CD4 + cells inhibited AChE and suppressed the proliferative response. Supporting these findings, inducing cholinergic anti-inflammatory system by AChE inhibitors, that is, AChE antisense oligodeoxynucleotides EN101 [26] or huperzine A [33], is manifested by reduced T-cell proliferation and secretion of their proinflammatory cytokines. In lines, we also found that silencing miR-132 by antisense in TCDD-treated EAE mice restored AChE level, augmented proliferation and production of proinflammatory cytokines in CD4 + cell, and exacerbated EAE.…”

You-Gui pills promote nerve regeneration by regulating netrin1, DCC and Rho family GTPases RhoA, Racl, Cdc42 in C57BL/6 mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

“…The stained brain and spinal cord were observed with light microscopy (Nikon Eclipse 80i, Tokyo, Japan). The inflammatory cell infiltration was scored as follows: 0, no inflammatory cell; 1, sporadic inflammatory cells; 2, some inflammatory cells and karyopyknosis; 3, inflammatory cell infiltration surrounding blood vessels and perivascular cuff formation; and 4, extensive inflammatory cell infiltration and karyopyknosis, or diffuse infiltration of inflammatory cells (Wang et al, 2012).…”

Dendritic cells matured in the presence of the lycopodium alkaloid annotine direct T cell responses toward a Th2/Treg phenotype

“…Other lycopodium alkaloids have been shown to inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity (reviewed in Olafsdottir et al 2013), but only the most intensively studied huperzine A has been demonstrated to affect inflammatory responses (Orhan et al 2007;Ruan et al 2014;Tian et al 2013;Wang et al 2012;Zhang et al 2008).…”

“…Further bioactivity studies for annotine are not reported in the literature. In spite of the widespread use of club mosses in early folk medicine, the immunomodulatory activities of their secondary metabolites have not been much studied, with the exception of huperzine A. Huperzine A has shown various anti-inflammatory effects, including decreasing over-expression of inflammatory cytokines, inhibiting NF-κB activation, attenuating inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 (Ruan et al 2014;Zhang et al 2008), inhibiting CCL2 production (Tian et al 2013) and ameliorating experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (Wang et al 2012). Other alkaloids, like the isoquinoline alkaloids berberine, berbamine and palmatine, have also been shown to have antiinflammatory effects inhibiting serotonin-induced hind paw edema and acetic acid-induced increase in vascular permeability (Kupeli et al 2002), the pyridine-containing alkaloid brucine inhibited the discharge of prostaglandin E2 in inflammatory tissues (Yin et al 2003) and alkaloids obtained from the plant Evanta had immunomodulatory effects on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) (CallaMagarinos et al 2013).…”