Endotoxin, via cytokines, induces marked changes in lipid metabolism which are now considered part of the acute phase response. The endotoxin induced hyperlipidemia may represent a nonspecific immune response that can decrease the toxicity of a variety of harmful biological and chemical agents and serve to redistribute nutrients to cells important in host defense. The endotoxin induced changes in lipid metabolism may therefore be beneficial.
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was explored as a method for removing lipids and cholesterol from fish muscle. Selected conditions of extraction pressure, time, temperature and sample size were evaluated for effective removal of lipid and cholesterol. Increasing carbon dioxide (CO,) pressure from 2000 to 5000 psig and the temperature from 40" to 50°C had little effect on the extent of lipid removal. Increasing the extraction time from 3 hr to 9 hr increased lipid removal. Ethanol as an entrainer significantly enhanced lipid extraction at all pressures used. Supercritical carbon-dioxide (SC&) and SCO, olus ethanol removed 78% and 97% of the lipids and 97% and 99% bf the cholesterol, respectively, from trout muscle. The solubility of the muscle proteins decreased following extraction.
Endotoxin alters the metabolism of lipoproteins, including that of high density lipoprotein (HDL). Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) facilitates exchange of HDL cholesterol for very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglyceride, leading to catabolism of HDL. We investigated the effects of endotoxin and cytokines on CETP in Syrian hamsters. Endotoxin induced a rapid and progressive decrease in serum CETP levels; by 48 h CETP had decreased to Ͻ 20% of control levels. Endotoxin also decreased CETP mRNA and protein levels in adipose tissue, heart, and muscle, the tissues with highest levels of CETP mRNA, providing a plausible mechanism for the endotoxin-
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