“…Polity IV democracy score) is included to evaluate the idea that democracies are likely to enhance trust (see also Levi, 1988). Second, the relation between ethnic and religious diversity, on the one hand, and social capital, civic engagement and trust, on the other hand, has attracted significant scholarly discussion in recent years (e.g., Alesina & La Ferrara, 2000, 2002Delhey & Newton, 2005;Hallberg & Lund, 2005;Coffé & Geys, 2006;Putnam, 2007;Gijsberts, van der Meer & Dagevos, 2012). We therefore control for ethnic-cultural diversity's potential role as an impediment to trust by including a measure of ethnic and religious fractionalization (ETHNIC and RELIG; Herfindahl indices taken from Alesina et al, 2003).…”