Humoral and Cellular Response to Influenza Vaccine in HIV-Infected Children With Full Viroimmunologic Response to Antiretroviral Therapy

Abstract

One injection of virosomal-adjuvanted influenza vaccine stimulates good immune responses, although the humoral and cellular immune responses are reduced in HIV-infected children compared to healthy children. This indicates that immunologic function impairments may persist upon HIV infection even if HIV-positive viremia is suppressed and immune recovery seems to be achieved.

T Cell Responses of HIV-Infected Children after Administration of Inactivated or Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines

“…15,18,26,27 The administration of a virosomal influenza vaccine to HIV-infected children on HAART also did not appear to decrease their CMI. 28,29 ELI-SPOT assays are not standardized and there is variability across laboratories, 30,31 which may explain the difference between our results and those of others. We systematically sought and eliminated potential technical problems that might have biased our results, such as changes in assay characteristics over time and errors in sample collection and transportation.…”

Antibody Responses with Fc-Mediated Functions after Vaccination of HIV-Infected Subjects with Trivalent Influenza Vaccine

“…There was no significant difference between HIV-negative and HIV-positive cohorts in HI titers to any of the four influenza virus strains tested either at baseline or after vaccination. This finding contrasts with previous studies on HI responses in HIV-infected subjects (18,(20)(21)(22)(23) and likely reflects the generally immunocompetent nature and high CD4 T cell counts of our HIV-positive cohort (24,25).…”

Immune reconstitution and vaccination outcome in HIV-1 infected children

“…80 In general, protective responses to different inactivated seasonal influenza vaccines in HIV-1 infected children, even if treated with HAART, are lower compared with healthy controls. 79,[81][82][83] The percentage of initial responders ranges 50-100% and in some cases, antibodies are almost completely lost after 6 mo from vaccination. 83 However, the establishment of CD8 + interferon-γ-secreting T-cells together with CD4 + interleukin (IL)-2-secreting T-cells upon vaccination may be more important than antibody formation as increase for influenza specific IgG3 but not IgG1 was reported.…”