Humex, a study on the survivability and adaptation of humans to long-duration exploratory missions, part I: Lunar missions

Horneck, G.; Facius, R.; Reichert, M.; Rettberg, Petra; Seboldt, W.; Manzey, Dieter; Comet, B.; Maillet, A.; Preiss, Helmut; Schauer, L.; Dussap, Claude-Gilles; Poughon, Laurent; Belyavin, A.; Reitz, Günther; Baumstark‐Khan, Christa; Gerzer, R.

doi:10.1016/s0273-1177(03)00568-4

Cited by 99 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This is well above the respective limits for exposure as recommended by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement in the USA, which recommends a per mission whole-body dose equivalent for males and females at age 35 to be only 1 Sv and 0.6 Sv, respectively (Horneck et al, 2003). The recommendations for exposures over the course of one year are only 3.0 Sv at the skin, 2.0 Sv for the lens of the eye, and 0.5 Sv for blood-forming organs, (Horneck et al, 2003). These high exposure rates to radiation will require constant monitoring of astronaut health, which, in turn, will aid in our understanding of the deleterious effects of exposure and aid in the development of appropriate countermeasures to ensure astronaut safety.…”

Section: The Lunar Environment and Life: General Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…During the Apollo missions, for instance, astronauts suffered radiation doses at the skin ranging from 0.0016-0.0114 Gy even with the protection of Apollo spacecraft and suits (Joules per kilogram of tissue; Armstrong et al, 1975). More recent estimates of worst-case scenario radiation exposure, which includes solar events as well as galactic cosmic rays, for astronauts on the lunar surface under the protection of a space suit has been estimated at around 86.90 Sv (dose equivalent) at the skin, 33.40 Sv for the lens of the eye, and 1.89 Sv for blood-forming organs (Horneck et al, 2003). This is well above the respective limits for exposure as recommended by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement in the USA, which recommends a per mission whole-body dose equivalent for males and females at age 35 to be only 1 Sv and 0.6 Sv, respectively (Horneck et al, 2003).…”

Section: The Lunar Environment and Life: General Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recent estimates of worst-case scenario radiation exposure, which includes solar events as well as galactic cosmic rays, for astronauts on the lunar surface under the protection of a space suit has been estimated at around 86.90 Sv (dose equivalent) at the skin, 33.40 Sv for the lens of the eye, and 1.89 Sv for blood-forming organs (Horneck et al, 2003). This is well above the respective limits for exposure as recommended by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement in the USA, which recommends a per mission whole-body dose equivalent for males and females at age 35 to be only 1 Sv and 0.6 Sv, respectively (Horneck et al, 2003). The recommendations for exposures over the course of one year are only 3.0 Sv at the skin, 2.0 Sv for the lens of the eye, and 0.5 Sv for blood-forming organs, (Horneck et al, 2003).…”

Section: The Lunar Environment and Life: General Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lunar Astrobiology: A Review and Suggested Laboratory Equipment

et al. 2007

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In October of 2005, the European Space Agency (ESA) and Alcatel Alenia Spazio released a "call to academia for innovative concepts and technologies for lunar exploration." In recent years, interest in lunar exploration has increased in numerous space programs around the globe, and the purpose of our study, in response to the ESA call, was to draw on the expertise of researchers and university students to examine science questions and technologies that could support human astrobiology activity on the Moon. In this mini review, we discuss astrobiology science questions of importance for a human presence on the surface of the Moon and we provide a summary of key instrumentation requirements to support a lunar astrobiology laboratory.

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Section: The Lunar Environment and Life: General Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: The Lunar Environment and Life: General Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Lunar Environment and Life: General Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lunar Astrobiology: A Review and Suggested Laboratory Equipment

et al. 2007

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“…Recently, within the ESA Study on the Survivability and Adaptation of Humans to Long-Duration Interplanetary and Planetary Environments (so called HUMEX study) (Horneck et al, 2003a), we have critically assessed the human responses, limits and needs with regard to the environments of interplanetary and planetary missions. Whereas the human health risks associated specifically to space and spaceflight parameters, such as radiation health, gravity related effects and psychological issues have already been considered elsewhere (Swenberg et al, 1993;NRC, 2002;Horneck et al, 2003b), we here consider the general health issues, as they have been elaborated during the HUMEX study. These individual risks of illness, injury or death are based on general human health statistics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

General human health issues for Moon and Mars missions: Results from the HUMEX study

Horneck

Comet

2006

Advances in Space Research

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“…So verspricht die Vision von George Bush die Rückkehr der Amerikaner zum Mond bis zum Jahr 2020 als Sprungbrett für eine bemannte Marsmission. Das Szenario der Mondbasis sieht als eine Art Rastplatz auf dem Weg zum Mars einen menschlichen Außenposten auf dem Südpol des Erdtrabanten vor, wo ständiger Sonnenschein die Basis beleuchtet und mögliche Ressourcen an Wassereis die Versorgung erleichtern [12]. Ein erklärtes Fernziel der USamerikanischen Weltraumbehörde NASA und der europäischen Raumfahrtagentur ESA ist der bemannte Marsflug.…”

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Strahlenbiologie und Strahlenschutz bei zukünftigen Missionen im Weltraum

Baumstark‐Khan¹,

Hellweg²,

Berger³

2005

Der Nuklearmediziner

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EinleitungIm Jahr 1961 begann mit dem Start einer russischen Wostok-Rakete und dem 108-minütigen Flug von Yuri Gagarin das Zeitalter der bemannten Raumfahrt. Seitdem fanden zahlreiche bemannte Missionen in den erdnahen Orbit statt. Die Aufenthaltszeiten der amerikanischen Astronauten, russischen Kosmonauten und der chinesischen Taikonauten variierten dabei von wenigen Tagen in einfachen Kapseln bis zu mehreren hundert Tagen auf Raumstationen. Ein Glanzpunkt der bemannten Raumfahrt wurZusammenfassung Künftige bemannte Weltraummissionen zum Mond und zu den Planeten unseres Sonnensystems erfordern die Entwicklung von Strategien zum Schutz vor möglichen gesundheitsschädigenden Effekten der kosmischen Strahlung. Abhängig von der Dosis kann Strahlenexposition das akute oder das chronische Strahlensyndrom oder Langzeitfolgen wie die Entstehung von Tumoren oder Katarakten auslösen. Eine vollständige Abschirmung der kosmischen Strahlung bei Weltraummissionen ist technisch nicht machbar. Der beste Strahlenschutz im Weltraum basiert somit auf einer umsichtigen Planung der Mission bezüglich ihrer Dauer und der Zeit ihrer Durchführung bezüglich des solaren Aktivitätszyklus. Für eine Risikoabschätzung ist neben der Kenntnis der Körperdosis und deren Verteilungsmuster im Körper die Kenntnis der relativen biologischen Wirksamkeit (RBW) der Weltraumstrahlung notwendig. Für diese dicht ionisierende Strahlung ist bisher wenig über die zellulären Reaktionsketten bekannt. SchlüsselwörterKosmische Strahlung · Strahlensyndrom · Strahlenspätfolgen · MATROSHKA · dicht ionisierende Strahlung · Schwerionenbeschleuniger · relative biologische Wirksamkeit Abstract Future manned space missions to the moon and to the planets of our solar system require the development of protection strategies against possible harmful effects of cosmic radiation. Depending on the dose, radiation exposure can elicit the acute or chronic radiation syndrome, or long-term consequences such as development of tumours or cataracts. A complete shielding of the cosmic radiation during space missions is technically not feasible. The best radiation protection in space rests upon vigilant mission planning regarding duration and time of implementation during the solar cycle. For risk assessment, besides the knowledge of the body dose and the radiation distribution throughout the body, the knowledge of the relative biological effectiveness of cosmic radiation is necessary. For this densely ionizing radiation, little is known concerning the cellular response cascades.

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Humex, a study on the survivability and adaptation of humans to long-duration exploratory missions, part I: Lunar missions

Cited by 99 publications

References 15 publications

Lunar Astrobiology: A Review and Suggested Laboratory Equipment

Lunar Astrobiology: A Review and Suggested Laboratory Equipment

General human health issues for Moon and Mars missions: Results from the HUMEX study

Strahlenbiologie und Strahlenschutz bei zukünftigen Missionen im Weltraum

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