Humans do not Always Act Selfishly: Social Identity and Helping in Emergency Evacuation Simulation

Sivers, Isabella von; Templeton, Anne; Köster, Gerta; Drury, John; Philippides, Andrew

doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2014.09.099

Cited by 36 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Although an increased level of identification may cause individuals to behave in line with the norms of the group, other variables may act as moderators, such as beliefs about legitimacy of actions and levels of self-efficacy. One example of a model which has effectively employed aspects of self-categorization theory to simulate collective crowd behavior is von Sivers, Templeton, Köster, Drury, and Philippides (2014) . The study described in this article is a first step toward examining the effect of self-categorization theory upon collective crowd behavior during an emergency, and could be used as a marker for future work simulating collective behavior.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Mindless Masses to Small Groups: Conceptualizing Collective Behavior in Crowd Modeling

Templeton

Drury

Philippides

2015

Review of General Psychology

Self Cite

109

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Computer simulations are increasingly used to monitor and predict behavior at large crowd events, such as mass gatherings, festivals and evacuations. We critically examine the crowd modeling literature and call for future simulations of crowd behavior to be based more closely on findings from current social psychological research. A systematic review was conducted on the crowd modeling literature (N = 140 articles) to identify the assumptions about crowd behavior that modelers use in their simulations. Articles were coded according to the way in which crowd structure was modeled. It was found that 2 broad types are used: mass approaches and small group approaches. However, neither the mass nor the small group approaches can accurately simulate the large collective behavior that has been found in extensive empirical research on crowd events. We argue that to model crowd behavior realistically, simulations must use methods which allow crowd members to identify with each other, as suggested by self-categorization theory.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Mindless Masses to Small Groups: Conceptualizing Collective Behavior in Crowd Modeling

Templeton

Drury

Philippides

2015

Review of General Psychology

Self Cite

109

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“…Transmission of diseases involves a multitude of aspects and this work addresses just one of them, the number of people met. This information is important to evaluate the probability (6). The v min and vmax are the minimum and the maximum acceptable speeds for people on the track.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pedestrian behavior depends on internal and external aspects such as urban environment, contingent individual situation, and crowd behavior [4][5][6], which must all be considered when planning traffic interventions. Sophisticated methods have been proposed to study pedestrian motion [7][8][9] and used, for example, to study the efficiency of pedestrian mobility [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One-Way Pedestrian Traffic Is a Means of Reducing Personal Encounters in Epidemics

Mello

2020

Front. Phys.

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Minimizing social contact is an important tool to reduce the spread of diseases but harms people's well-being. This and other more compelling reasons urge people to walk outside periodically. The present work explores how organizing the traffic of pedestrians affects the number of walking or running people passing by each other. By applying certain rules, this number can be significantly reduced, potentially reducing the contribution of person-to-person contagion to the basic reproductive number, R 0. One example is the traffic of pedestrians on sidewalks. Another is the use of walking or running tracks in parks. It is obtained here that the number of people encountering each other can be drastically reduced if one-way traffic is enforced and runners are separated from walkers.

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“…There is little empirical evidence for competitive or irrational behavior patterns. A sense of duty, helpfulness and altruism has been found [30,32,33]. Even if there seems to be a number of events which are in retrospect referred to as mass panic, real mass panic occurs very rarely.…”

Section: Safe Evacuation For All Needs Knowledge and Practicementioning

confidence: 99%

Safe Evacuation for All A top 10 List of Requirements

2020

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Evacuations are an important aspect of emergency planning. Many persons with special needs could reach a safe area on their own or with assistance by other people around, if evacuation planning and guidance considered them. The so-called self-rescue is crucial for safe evacuation, as fire services and other first-responders need some time to arrive at the scene. In general, people should find the conditions to arrive at a safe area on their own. In many buildings and infrastructures today, self-rescue is difficult for persons with special needs, e.g. wheelchair users. Sometimes it appears that designers and fire safety engineers only think of “average”, healthy and agile people in evacuations. But for safe and effective evacuations, different groups of people and their needs have to be considered. The paper suggests a top 10 list of requirements for safe evacuation and improvement of self-rescue from a psychological point of view. Universal Design or Design for All in evacuation has become more relevant in recent times, since accessibility as a political goal has made it possible for persons with special needs to participate more easily in public life. Nonetheless, regulations focus on how people enter a building but not on how to evacuate safely. Preparing for safer evacuations requires knowledge about different occupant groups and their needs. Requirements for different phases of evacuations are discussed and their implications for simulation and modelling, e.g. the potential impact of physiological requirements. The need for a multi-method approach to gather and integrate data, factors to foster safe evacuations, just as practical and design requirements are included. When self-rescue is not possible, assisted evacuation will rely on good leadership fostering social motivation. Last but not least, implementing design for all will help everyone to evacuate safely.

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Humans do not Always Act Selfishly: Social Identity and Helping in Emergency Evacuation Simulation

Cited by 36 publications

References 29 publications

From Mindless Masses to Small Groups: Conceptualizing Collective Behavior in Crowd Modeling

From Mindless Masses to Small Groups: Conceptualizing Collective Behavior in Crowd Modeling

One-Way Pedestrian Traffic Is a Means of Reducing Personal Encounters in Epidemics

Safe Evacuation for All A top 10 List of Requirements

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