Human β‐defensins and toll‐like receptors in the upper airway

Claeys, Sofie; Belder, T. De; Holtappels, Gabriële; Gevaert, Philippe; Verhasselt, Bruno; Cauwenberge, Paul Van; Bachert, Claus

doi:10.1034/j.1398-9995.2003.00180.x

Cited by 119 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…Variable expression for TLR-2 and TLR-4 on the RNA level was evident in tissue samples from nasal polyposis, chronic rhinosinusitis, cystic fibrosis and healthy controls (43). However, as this RT-PCR was done on tissues it cannot be firmly established that the variable expression is a consequence of differential expression in the nasal epithelium.…”

Section: Airway Epithelial Expression Of Tlrsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In situ hybridization (42) and immunohistochemistry (43) showed expression of TLR-2 and TLR-4 in nasal epithelium, but the expression of the other TLRs has not been investigated. Variable expression for TLR-2 and TLR-4 on the RNA level was evident in tissue samples from nasal polyposis, chronic rhinosinusitis, cystic fibrosis and healthy controls (43).…”

Section: Airway Epithelial Expression Of Tlrsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How epithelial cells detect danger: aiding the immune response

Vroling

Fokkens

Drunen

2008

Allergy

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The epithelial layer occupies a strategic important location between an organisms’ interior and exterior environment. Although as such it forms a physical barrier between both environments, it became clear that the role of the epithelium extends far beyond this rather passive role. Through specialized receptors and other more general mechanisms, the epithelial layer is not only able to sense changes in its environment but also to actively respond to these changes. These responses allow the epithelium to contribute to wound and tissue repair, to the defense against micro‐organisms, and to the control and regulation of the locale immune response. In this review, we focus on signals acting on epithelium from the exterior environment, how these signals are processed and identify research challenges.

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Section: Airway Epithelial Expression Of Tlrsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Airway Epithelial Expression Of Tlrsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How epithelial cells detect danger: aiding the immune response

Vroling

Fokkens

Drunen

2008

Allergy

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“…Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), a specialized glial cell type, accompany the olfactory axons along their entire length throughout the periphery and the CNS [3]. In healthy individuals mechanisms that prevent pathogenic infections include sneezing and mucociliary clearance, the presence of cells of the innate and adaptive immune system in the nasal mucosa, and apoptotic cell death of infected olfactory neurons [4,5]. In the unperturbed animal, small numbers of macrophages, assumed to be responsible for disposing of degenerating epithelial cells, are present in the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory ensheathing cells are attracted to, and can endocytose, bacteria

Leung

Chapman

Harris

et al. 2008

Cell. Mol. Life Sci.

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Abstract. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) have been shown previously to express Toll-like receptors and to respond to bacteria by translocating nuclear factor-kB from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. In this study, we show that OECs extended significantly more pseudopodia when they were exposed to Escherichia coli than in the absence of bacteria (p=0.019). Coimmunoprecipitation showed that E. coli binding to OECs was mediated by Toll-like receptor 4. LysoTracker, a fluorescent probe that accumulates selectively in lysosomes, and staining for type 1 lysosomeassociated membrane proteins demonstrated that endocytosed FITC-conjugated E. coli were translocated to lysosomes. They appeared to be subsequently broken down, as shown by transmission electron microscopy. No obvious adherence to the membrane and less phagocytosis was observed when OECs were incubated with inert fluorescent microspheres. The ability of OECs to endocytose bacteria supports the notion that OECs play an innate immune function by protecting olfactory tissues from bacterial infection.

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“…Toll-like receptors ( TLRs) are a subset of these PRRs, and they respond to PAMPs and some endogenous proteins associated with 'danger' and stress. A wide range of antibacterial peptides that can destroy bacteria, yeast, fungi and possibly some viruses are secreted upon TLR stimulation (Claeys et al ., 2003). In mammals, TLR stimulation also results in the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis α (TNF α ) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which initiate an inflammatory response to clear the invading organism.…”

Section: Tlrs On Macrophagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate immunity in aging: impact on macrophage function

et al. 2004

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SummaryInnate and adaptive immune functions decline with age, leading to increased susceptibility to infectious diseases and cancer, and reduced responses to preventive vaccination in the elderly population. Macrophages function as 'pathogen sensors' and play an important role in the initiation of inflammatory responses, elimination of pathogens, manipulation of the adaptive immune response and reparation of damaged tissue. In this paper, we review the literature addressing the impact of aging on the macrophage population.

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Human β‐defensins and toll‐like receptors in the upper airway

Abstract: These results demonstrate a strong defensin expression in tonsillar tissue compared with nasal and paranasal mucosa and adenoids. Toll-like receptor expression in all these tissues illustrates a possibly important immunological sentinel function of upper airway mucosa.

Cited by 119 publications

References 44 publications

How epithelial cells detect danger: aiding the immune response

How epithelial cells detect danger: aiding the immune response

Olfactory ensheathing cells are attracted to, and can endocytose, bacteria

Innate immunity in aging: impact on macrophage function

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