Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Subtype C Melanesian Genetic Variants of the Vanuatu Archipelago and Solomon Islands Share a Common Ancestor

Cassar, Olivier; Capuano, Corinne; Bassot, Sylviane; Charavay, Françoise; Duprez, Renan; Afonso, Philippe V.; Abel, Myriam; Walter, Mboto Helen; Mera, Woreka; Martin, Paul; Chungue, Eliane; Gessain, Antoine

doi:10.1086/519167

Cited by 31 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…2, Supplementary Figs S3-S5, Tables 2 and 3). Furthermore, the occurrence of long-distance dispersal achieved by a minority fraction of the virus population also supports the concept of viral transmission via close contact among individuals, which has been argued as an explanation for the characteristics of viral dispersion and endemic patterns in the related virus, HTLV (Cassar et al, 2007;Dube et al, 1993;Eirin et al, 2008;Vidal et al, 1994). As suggested previously (Camargos et al, 2007;Zhao & Buehring, 2007), the late strains dispersal caused by modern cattle trading may account for the current presence of more than a single group of viruses in certain geographical areas.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

“…Likewise, correlations between genetic clustering and the geographical origin of particular viruses have been demonstrated for STLV (Makuwa et al, 2004) and HTLV (Cassar et al, 2007;Dube et al, 1993;Eirin et al, 2008;Vidal et al, 1994). For these viruses, it is also believed that this correlation is due to the migratory flow of their hosts (Cassar et al, 2007;Dube et al, 1993;Makuwa et al, 2004;Vidal et al, 1994). Therefore, a very plausible explanation that may account for the radiation of BLV genotypes could be that the diversification of the virus has been driven by the historical dispersion of its host, as the worldwide cattle population is closely linked to human colonization, ethnic history and animal domestication over the last 200-1000 years.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…For instance, there is a strong dependence between the geographical origin and the genotype of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) isolates that has been attributed to the expansion of the distinct KSHV-infected populations following the major human migrations out of Africa and to the rest of the world (Hayward & Zong, 2007;Zong et al, 1999). Likewise, correlations between genetic clustering and the geographical origin of particular viruses have been demonstrated for STLV (Makuwa et al, 2004) and HTLV (Cassar et al, 2007;Dube et al, 1993;Eirin et al, 2008;Vidal et al, 1994). For these viruses, it is also believed that this correlation is due to the migratory flow of their hosts (Cassar et al, 2007;Dube et al, 1993;Makuwa et al, 2004;Vidal et al, 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Bovine leukemia virus can be classified into seven genotypes: evidence for the existence of two novel clades

Rodríguez¹,

Golemba²,

Campos³

et al. 2009

Journal of General Virology

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Previous studies have classified the env sequences of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) provirus from different locations worldwide into between two and four genetic groupings. These different studies gave unique names to the identified groups and no study has yet integrated all the available sequences. Thus, we hypothesized that many of the different groups previously identified actually correspond to a limited group of genotypes that are unevenly distributed worldwide. To examine this hypothesis, we sequenced the env gene from 28 BLV field strains and compared these sequences to 46 env sequences that represent all the genetic groupings already identified. By using phylogenetic analyses, we recovered six clades, or genotypes, that we have called genotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Genotypes 1-5 have counterparts among the sequence groupings identified previously. One env sequence did not cluster with any of the others and was highly divergent when compared with the six genotypes identified here. Thus, an extra genotype, which we named 7, may exist. Similarity comparisons were highly congruent with phylogenetic analyses. Furthermore, our analyses confirmed the existence of geographical clusters. INTRODUCTIONBovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a member of the family Retroviridae belonging to the genus Deltaretrovirus. This genus also includes Simian T-lymphotropic virus 1, 2, 3 and 5 (STLV-1, -2, -3 and -5) and Human T-lymphotropic virus 1, 2, 3 and 4 (HTLV-1, -2, -3 and -4). have not yet been associated with any pathology, likely due to their recent identification and to the low number of isolates. Therefore, BLV is considered a model of HTLV-1 and -2 . BLV is recognized as the aetiological agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, a disease that results in significant economic losses for the worldwide cattle industry. The most conspicuous clinical manifestation of bovine leukosis, which only develops in a small fraction of infected animals, is the clonal expansion and local accumulation of B cells that results in the development of lymphoid tumours (lymphosarcoma, LS) (Gillet et al., 2007). The majority of infections are not associated with any clinical signs (AL), and in approximately 30 % of infected cattle, the virus causes a persistent lymphocytosis (PL) (Burny et al., 1987;Mirsky et al., 1996).Analyses of the BLV envelope (env) gene of isolates collected in multiple geographical locations demonstrated significant sequence conservation (Camargos et al., 2002(Camargos et al., , 2007Coulston et al., 1990). Nevertheless, up to seven BLV genotypes can be identified by RFLP analysis (Asfaw et al., 2005;Coulston et al., 1990;Fechner et al., 1997;Kettmann et al., 1981;Licursi et al., 2002). Furthermore, the env sequences of the BLV provirus from different locations worldwide have previously been classified into between two and four genetic groupings (Camargos et al., 2002(Camargos et al., , 2007Felmer et al., 2005;Hemmatzadeh, 2007;Licursi et al., 2003;Mamoun et al., 1990;Monti et al., 2005;Zhao & Buehring, 2007), with similar results...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Bovine leukemia virus can be classified into seven genotypes: evidence for the existence of two novel clades

Rodríguez¹,

Golemba²,

Campos³

et al. 2009

Journal of General Virology

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“…Ltd., Singapore), particle agglutination (Serodia; Fujirebio, Japan), and immunofluorescence assays. Determination of HTLV-1 antibody titers was performed by 2-fold dilutions, as previously described (14,33).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New and Frequent Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Indeterminate Western Blot Pattern: Epidemiological Determinants and PCR Results in Central African Inhabitants

et al. 2012

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“…An enzyme immunoassay (Vironostika HTLV-1/2; bioMérieux) was performed, and positive and borderline-positive samples were analyzed by Western blotting (HTLV blot 2.4; Diagnostic Biotechnology, Singapore) to confirm HTLV seropositivity and to differentiate between HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infections and indeterminate Western blot serology (6).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Insights into Prevalence, Genetic Diversity, and Proviral Load of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Types 1 and 2 in Pregnant Women in Gabon in Equatorial Central Africa

et al. 2008

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Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is highly endemic in areas of central Africa; mother-to-child transmission and sexual transmission are considered to be the predominant routes. To determine the prevalence and subtypes of HTLV-1/2 in pregnant women in Gabon, we conducted an epidemiological survey in the five main cities of the country. In 907 samples, the HTLV-1 seroprevalence was 2.1%, which is lower than that previously reported. Only one case of HTLV-2 infection was found. The HTLV-1 seroprevalence increased with age and differed between regions (P < 0.05), with the highest prevalence (5%) in the southeastern region. A wide range of HTLV-1 proviral loads was observed among the infected women. The level of the proviral load was correlated with a high HTLV-1 antibody titer (P < 0.02). Sequencing of HTLV-1 env and long terminal repeat fragments showed that all but one strain belonged to the central African subtype B; the outlier was of cosmopolitan subtype A. The new strains of subtype B exhibited wide genetic diversity, but there was no evidence of clustering of specific genomes within geographical regions of the country. Some strains were closely related to simian T-cell leukemia virus type 1 strains of great apes, suggesting that in these areas some HTLV-1 strains could arise from relatively recent interspecies transmission. The sole HTLV-2 strain belonged to subtype B. In this study we showed that the prevalence of HTLV-1 in the southeast is one of the highest in the world for pregnant women.

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Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Subtype C Melanesian Genetic Variants of the Vanuatu Archipelago and Solomon Islands Share a Common Ancestor

Abstract: The Vanuatu archipelago is endemic for HTLV-1 with a diversity of subtype C variants. These strains were probably introduced into Vanuatu during ancient migration of the original settlers a few thousand years ago.

Cited by 31 publications

References 49 publications

Bovine leukemia virus can be classified into seven genotypes: evidence for the existence of two novel clades

Bovine leukemia virus can be classified into seven genotypes: evidence for the existence of two novel clades

A New and Frequent Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Indeterminate Western Blot Pattern: Epidemiological Determinants and PCR Results in Central African Inhabitants

New Insights into Prevalence, Genetic Diversity, and Proviral Load of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Types 1 and 2 in Pregnant Women in Gabon in Equatorial Central Africa

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