Human Peritoneal Adhesions Show Evidence of Tissue Remodeling and Markers of Angiogenesis

Abstract

All adhesions contained functional blood vessels and most showed evidence of cell proliferation. The presence of vascular endothelial growth factor A and its receptor in human adhesions suggests ongoing angiogenic activity. This study demonstrates that adhesions are vascular structures with evidence of tissue remodeling and suggests potential for new prevention strategies involving antiangiogenic therapies.

The effect of pycnogenol on lymphatic nodes and adhesion during in a peritoneal adhesion model in rats

“…With the increase in the production of free oxygen radicals, the production of fibroblasts, tissue growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and cytokines such as cyclooxygenase-2 that cause adhesions also increased 14,15 . As a result, histopathologically, inflammation and fibrosis occur [16][17][18] . There are studies indicating that fibroblasts reduce antioxidant levels similar to free oxygen radicals [14][15][16][17][18] .…”

“…As a result, histopathologically, inflammation and fibrosis occur [16][17][18] . There are studies indicating that fibroblasts reduce antioxidant levels similar to free oxygen radicals [14][15][16][17][18] . If the production of free oxygen radicals was reduced using antioxidants, adhesive fibroblasts transformed into normal fibroblasts and collagen production decreased 15 .…”

Chronological evaluation of inflammatory mediators during peritoneal adhesion formation using a rat model

“…The concept of peritoneal adhesions has changed in regard to being inert scar tissue. Peritoneal adhesions are rich in cells, well vascularized, innervated, and mononuclear inflammatory cells can be detected in persistent peritoneal adhesions [5,6,13,20,35]. In an advanced experimental model, Hoshino et al significantly reduced the formation of peritoneal adhesions by inhibiting the specific mechanisms for recruitment of peritoneal macrophages, thus demonstrating that macrophages trigger peritoneal adhesions as an immune response of the peritoneal cavity [22].…”

Pycnogenol prevents peritoneal adhesions

“…ROS induces fibroblasts to secrete adhesive cytokines that favor adhesion, such as tissue growth factor (TGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cyclooxygenase-2 [18,19]. These findings also explain the histopathologic features of adhesions: histologically, adhesions are composed of highly cellular, fibrotic, highly vascular structures, and microscopic evaluation considers the following three parameters: inflammatory cells, fibrosis, and new vessel formation [20][21][22].…”