Human parvovirus 4: An emerging etiological agent in cases presenting with influenza like illness

Abstract

This study was planned to study the association of parvovirus 4 (PARV4) with Influenza‐like illness (ILI). A total of 1111 patients with a clinical diagnosis of ILI and 220 healthy controls were tested for Influenza A/HINI/and H3N2, Influenza B, and PARV4. Further sequencing was done to analyze the genotype distribution of parvovirus 4. Influenza A/HINI, A/H3N2, and B were detected in 334 (30.06%), 9 (0.81%), and 10 (0.9%) cases respectively. PARV4 was detected in 135 (12.15%) cases and one healthy control. Parvovirus 4 was significantly higher in cases as compared to controls (relative risk, 30.77%; p < .0006). Sequencing of 20 isolates suggests the dominance of genotype 2 in our region.

Viruses associated with measles-like illnesses in Uganda

“… 44 Genotypes 1 and 2 have since been detected in cohorts with blood-borne viruses in North America and Europe. 45 In Africa, infections are not as clearly associated with blood-borne infection, and are predominantly genotype 3, as in this case. Clinical presentations reported to be associated with PARV-4 include acute influenza-like illness, encephalitis, acceleration of HIV disease, and fetal abnormalities, although whether or not the virus is a pathogen or bystander in such cases is not fully understood.…”

“…Clinical presentations reported to be associated with PARV-4 include acute influenza-like illness, encephalitis, acceleration of HIV disease, and fetal abnormalities, although whether or not the virus is a pathogen or bystander in such cases is not fully understood. 45 , 46 …”

Co-prevalence of Human Parvovirus 4 and Primate Erythroparvovirus 1 (B19) in Sickle Cell Disease and Healthy Populations

“…Notably, both of these studies were conducted in Iran. P4 DNA was also present in 26.5% of plasma pool samples from healthy blood donors in China (24), blood samples of 41% of hepatitis B and 33% of hepatitis C patients in China (25), 3% of French kidney transplant recipients' blood samples (26), CSF samples of 2 encephalitis cases in India (15), nasal samples of 12.1% of patients with influenza-like syndrome in India (27), and fecal samples of 0.5% of children with gastroenteritis in Ghana (14) This diversity in transmission routes, particularly the ability of P4 to be transmitted through blood and its resilience, prompted us to investigate SCD as another potential risk factor, which was confirmed by our findings. Despite limited homology with human parvovirus B19, certain key parallels emerge between these familial members.…”