Human parotid saliva urea in renal failure and during dialysis

Shannon, Ira L.; Feller, Ralph P.; Eknoyan, Garabed; Suddick, Richard P.

doi:10.1016/0003-9969(77)90082-6

Cited by 31 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Urea was not determined in the present study, but Dahl berg et al [2] and Shannon et al [3] demonstrated a very high correlation between plasma urea levels and salivary concentrations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…These findings raise the question of whether exocrine glands in CRF express a generalized abnormality in divalent ion handling. Previous investigators [2,3] have examined the flow rates, monovalent ion, and urea composition of saliva, but no determinations of the divalent ion in parotid saliva from CRF dialysis patients have been made. Using similar methodology, the present study examines the elemental composition of pure parotid gland secretions in a popula tion of CRF patients and of normal individuals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Elevated Divalent Ion Concentrations in Parotid Saliva from Chronic Renal Failure Patients

Earlbaum¹,

Quinton²

1981

Nephron

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Mg and PO₄ concentrations were significantly higher in unmixed parotid saliva from chronic renal failure (CRF) patients than in controls. No significant differences were noted in the flow, pH or concentrations of Na, K, Cl or Ca; however, the Na/K ratio was significantly lower in CRF patients. No correlation between plasma PTH levels and the concentrations of Ca, Mg, or PO₄ in saliva was found. Taken with previous results from elevated divalent ion concentrations in sweat from CRF patients, these findings suggest that the excretion of divalent electrolyte glands may represent a generalized abnormality in exocrine glands in CRF. We hypothesize that the active processes involved in regulating the concentrations of these ions in exocrine secretions are altered so that larger amounts of these elements are excreted in CRF patients.

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“…Urea was not determined in the present study, but Dahl berg et al [2] and Shannon et al [3] demonstrated a very high correlation between plasma urea levels and salivary concentrations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated Divalent Ion Concentrations in Parotid Saliva from Chronic Renal Failure Patients

Earlbaum¹,

Quinton²

1981

Nephron

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“…Saliva composition and flow rate in HD patients have been a subject of some studies, but the influence of duration of HD on salivary flow rate has not been evaluated [15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulated Salivary Flow Rate in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients

Bayraktar

Kazancıoğlu

Bozfakioğlu

et al. 2002

Nephron

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Background: Reduced salivary flow has been reported in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) treatment. Our aim was to investigate the most important factors associated with stimulated salivary flow rate (ssfr) in chronic HD patients. Methods: Fifty HD patients (27 F, 23 M, mean age 46. 7 ± 13.2 years) were divided into two groups according to the duration of HD treatment as those receiving HD therapy less than or equal to (group I) or those more than (group II) 24 months. Fasting blood samples were obtained to determine hepatitis B and C serology, and biochemical and hematological parameters before a HD session. After prestimulation with a standard weight paraffin wax, stimulated saliva was collected in the HD patients and control group (23 F, 25 M, mean age 45.7 ± 19.1 years) and the flow rate was expressed as ml/min. Results: Both HD groups consisted of 25 patients. There was no significant difference between the two HD groups other than serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels and presence of HCV. The ssfr was decreased than controls in both groups (0.8 ± 0.6 and 0.7 ± 0.4, respectively, vs. 1.5 ± 0.5 ml/min) and it did not correlate with any parameter. Smoking had a positive effect on ssfr in all groups. Conclusion: Although the salivary flow rate decreased significantly in chronic HD patients, the duration of therapy displayed no effect on the salivary changes in HD patients, but smoking increased ssfr.

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“…[13][14][15]In this work,observed salivary flow rates were very low(approximately 0.02 to 0.06 ml/min/kg; Table I). It was expected that in HgCl2-treated parotid saliva,urea would not be concentrated and the S/P ratios of urea should be lower than those in untreated saliva,since water reabsorption driven by reabsorption of Na+was expected to be substantially inhibited.However,the S/P ratios of urea in HgCl2-treated saliva were slightly but significantly higher than those in untreated saliva (Table III).These results suggest that urea,like Na+,is reabsorbed in the parotid striated duct of dog,and its reabsorption is inhibited by the treatment with HgCl2.It was considered that the S/P ratio of urea in untreated parotid saliva of dog might be hardly influenced by the Na+reabsorption-driven water reabsoption (Table I),but the S/P ratio might be reduced in the striated duct due to the reabsorption of urea,as well as the S/P ratio of urea in untreated mandibular saliva of dog (Table II).…”

Section: Effect Of Retrograde Injection Of Hgcl2 On S/p Ratios Of Urementioning

confidence: 56%

“…[13][14][15]In our previous studies,salivary excretion of urea as a model compound has been studied using parotid,12)mandibularsublingual,12)mandibular16.17)and sublingual16)saliva of dog.It was shown that:1)S/P ratios of urea in parotid,mandibular-sublingual,mandibular and sublingual salivas were about 0.7,0.45,0.3 and 1.25,respectively,suggesting the existence of a gland-specific difference,12'16) 2)these results on S/P ratios of urea could not be explained by Matin's equation,12)3)S/P ratios of urea in mandibular saliva are not altered during the salivary flow through the main mandibular excretory duct,16)4)urea is reabsorbed in the striated duct of mandibular gland,and this reabsorption might be inhibited by the pre-treatment of the striated duct with HgC12.17)These results suggested that the striated duct of mandibular gland might play a role in modifying the saliva concentration of urea and in the gland-specific difference of S/P ratios of urea.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Difference in saliva/plasma concentration ratio of endogenous urea between mandibular and parotid glands in dogs.

Mizuno

Watanabe

Iwamoto

et al. 1988

CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN

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The difference in saliva/plasma concentration ratio(S/P ratio)of urea between mandibular and parotid glands in dogs was investigated in detail by a technique of retrograde ductal injection of HgC12.In every dog,four kinds of saliva[untreated(control)mandibular and parotid saliva,HgC12-treated mandibular and parotid saliva]were collected under pilocarpine stimulation of salivation. The following results were obtained.(1)It was verified in this study that S/P ratios of urea and Na+ were significantly increased in HgC12-treated mandibular saliva.(2)S/P ratios of urea and Na+in HgC12-treated parotid saliva were also significantly higher than those in untreated saliva.These results suggested that parotid salivary urea is also reabsorbed in the striated duct of dogs. (3)In untreated glands,the mean Cpr/CM ratio of urea(the ratio of urea concentration in parotid saliva to that in mandibular saliva)was about 1.65.This ratio tended to decrease toward unity in the HgC12-treated gland.Therefore,it was suggested that the striated duct might play an important role in the gland-specific difference of S/P ratios of urea between the salivary glands of dog. Keywords•\endogenous urea;salivary excretion mechanism;mandibular gland;parotid gland;striated duct;gland-specific difference;HgCl2 retrograde injection;dog Saliva levels of drugs or chemicals have been used for pharmacokinetic studies and therapeutic drug monitoring.3-6)Regarding the salivary excretion mechanism of drugs chemicals,it has been considered that most of them are excreted into saliva by a passi transport process obeying pH-partition theory(Matin's equation).7'8)In this laboratory, has been reported that the observed values of saliva/plasma concentration ratios(S/P ratic for indomethacin,9'phenobarbita1,10)5-fluorouracill 11)and urea12)do not always agree wi the estimated values according to Matin's equation,that a gland-specific difference in the S ratios is observed between parotid and mandibular-sublingual salivas of dogs,and th this difference can not be explained quantitatively by Matin's equation.Therefore,it w considered to be important to investigate the salivary excretion mechanism in detail to pern a rational assessment of the role of saliva in relation to pharmacokinetic studies al therapeutic drug monitoring.With respect to salivary excretion of endogenous or exogenous urea,other investigators have studied only parotid saliva of man,dog and rat,and reported that the mean S/P ratio was about 0.7 but varied with the salivary flow rate.13-15)In our previous studies,salivary excretion of urea as a model compound has been studied using parotid,12)mandibularsublingual,12)mandibular16.17)and sublingual16)saliva of dog.It was shown that:1)S/P ratios of urea in parotid,mandibular-sublingual,mandibular and sublingual salivas were about 0.7,0.45,0.3 and 1.25,respectively,suggesting the existence of a gland-specific difference,12'16) 2)these results on S/P ratios of urea could not be explained by Matin's equation,12)3)S/P ratios of urea in mandibular saliva are no...

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Human parotid saliva urea in renal failure and during dialysis

Cited by 31 publications

References 11 publications

Elevated Divalent Ion Concentrations in Parotid Saliva from Chronic Renal Failure Patients

Elevated Divalent Ion Concentrations in Parotid Saliva from Chronic Renal Failure Patients

Stimulated Salivary Flow Rate in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients

Difference in saliva/plasma concentration ratio of endogenous urea between mandibular and parotid glands in dogs.

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