Human Papillomavirus and Anal Cancer: Prevalence, Genotype Distribution, and Prognosis Aspects from Midwestern Region of Brazil

Abstract

Background. Approximately 90% of all anal cancers are associated with human papillomavirus (HPV), especially high-risk genotypes such as HPVs 16 and 18. Objective. To investigate the clinical and prognostic aspects of anal cancers associated with the presence, as well as the genotypic distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV). Methods. A retrospective study carried out over a 10-year period, using clinical and molecular data, with PCR analysis and reverse hybridization (INNO-LIPA kit), in anal cancers. The data analysis was done using descriptive univariate statistics, and the survival curves were made using the Kaplan–Meier and log-rank methods. Results. Of the 81 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens, HPV prevalence was 69% and was significantly higher in squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) than in other anal tumors (p=0.0001). Female patients had a higher prevalence of HPV (p=0.01). Multiple infections were detected in 14.3% of cases. The most prevalent genotypes were HPVs 16, 33, and 18. The overall survival at 60 months was 44.3%, and the prognostic factors included gender (p=0.008) with greater survival for men (52.9%) in comparison to women (29.6%), histological type (p=0.01), SCC (54.4%), adenocarcinomas (37.5%), other carcinomas (14.2%), and the presence of distant metastasis (p=0.01). Survival was not influenced by the presence of HPV (p=0.54). Conclusions. The association of HPV to anal cancer was found in this study, especially in SCC. However, the presence of HPV did not influence the prognosis of patients with anal cancer.

Human Papillomavirus Positivity at 3 Anatomical Sites Among Transgender Women in Central Brazil

“…Considering the 3 infection sites, the most frequent genotypes were HPV-52 (33.3%), followed by HPV-16 (22.2%), HPV-18 (22.2%), and HPV-58 (22.2%). Previous studies conducted on healthy cisgender women (adolescents and young cisgender women) and men with anal and penile cancers in the same region reported the aforementioned HPV genotypes 12,31,32 . However, HPV-16 was the most prevalent viral genotype in these previous studies, suggesting a different distribution of circulating HPV genotypes among TGW in Goiás.…”

“…High-risk HPV genotypes were observed in 76.5% of the samples analyzed for specific HPV genotypes, indicating the potential risk of developing high-grade neoplasia and invasive cancer in TGW 31 . Considering the 3 infection sites, the most frequent genotypes were HPV-52 (33.3%), followed by HPV-16 (22.2%), HPV-18 (22.2%), and HPV-58 (22.2%).…”

Contemporary human papillomavirus genotyping and correlations to peniscopy, cytology, and histopatology on over 1000 males

“…19,20 Based on previous studies of mechanisms of transmission and the virus-related carcinogenesis, early diagnosis and treatment of a clinical HPV infection in men is potentially beneficial, once its eradication may reduce the viral reservoir and, as a consequence, reduce the incidence of cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases. [21][22][23][24] Treatment should be targeted at the clinical manifestations of Despite the disease's high clearance rate, longitudinal studies including patients' partners evaluation based on several diagnostic tools are still needed to increment our knowledge on the disease behavior and its consequences, especially from the oncologic perspective in the mid-and long-term.…”

“…Based on previous studies of mechanisms of transmission and the virus‐related carcinogenesis, early diagnosis and treatment of a clinical HPV infection in men is potentially beneficial, once its eradication may reduce the viral reservoir and, as a consequence, reduce the incidence of cervical cancer and other HPV‐related diseases 21‐24 …”

Post-marketing surveillance study of the safety of the HPV-16/18 vaccine in Korea (2017–2021)

“…2 , 4 Available data show HPV infection to be associated with approximately 90% of anal cancers. 5 , 6 Anal cancer incidence is higher among immunosuppressed individuals, including individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 7 populations of men who have sex with men, 8 women with a history of cervical or vulvar cancer, 9 and individuals with certain lifestyle factors such as smoking or a high number of sexual partners (>5). 10 Currently, in South Korea, anal cancer accounts for 0.1% of total cancer cases; however, the high-risk population is increasing.…”