Human Organs‐on‐Chips: A Review of the State‐of‐the‐Art, Current Prospects, and Future Challenges

Zarrintaj, Payam; Saeb, Mohammad Reza; Stadler, Florian J.; Yazdi, Mohsen Khodadadi; Nezhad, Mojtaba Nasiri; Mohebbi, Shabnam; Seidi, Farzad; Ganjali, Mohammad Reza; Mozafari, Masoud

doi:10.1002/adbi.202000526

Cited by 27 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 243 publications

(176 reference statements)

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“…The micro scale system replicates better in vivo cell-microenvironment communications in vitro with incorporation of biophysical/biochemical signals, whereas two-dimensional cell culture models cannot. Therefore, OoC platforms can substitute for two-dimensional cell culture and animal models due to ethical concerns and insufficient reproduction of human pathophysiology [ 351 ]. During the recent decade, OoC systems have been extensively utilized to replicate physiological microenvironment of several organs such as the gut [ 352 , 353 , 354 ], heart [ 355 , 356 , 357 ], liver [ 358 , 359 , 360 ], bone [ 361 , 362 , 363 ], kidney [ 364 , 365 , 366 ], lung [ 367 , 368 , 369 ] and brain [ 370 , 371 , 372 ].…”

Section: Biomedical Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomedical Applications of Microfluidic Devices: A Review

et al. 2022

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Both passive and active microfluidic chips are used in many biomedical and chemical applications to support fluid mixing, particle manipulations, and signal detection. Passive microfluidic devices are geometry-dependent, and their uses are rather limited. Active microfluidic devices include sensors or detectors that transduce chemical, biological, and physical changes into electrical or optical signals. Also, they are transduction devices that detect biological and chemical changes in biomedical applications, and they are highly versatile microfluidic tools for disease diagnosis and organ modeling. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the significant advances that have been made in the development of microfluidics devices. We will discuss the function of microfluidic devices as micromixers or as sorters of cells and substances (e.g., microfiltration, flow or displacement, and trapping). Microfluidic devices are fabricated using a range of techniques, including molding, etching, three-dimensional printing, and nanofabrication. Their broad utility lies in the detection of diagnostic biomarkers and organ-on-chip approaches that permit disease modeling in cancer, as well as uses in neurological, cardiovascular, hepatic, and pulmonary diseases. Biosensor applications allow for point-of-care testing, using assays based on enzymes, nanozymes, antibodies, or nucleic acids (DNA or RNA). An anticipated development in the field includes the optimization of techniques for the fabrication of microfluidic devices using biocompatible materials. These developments will increase biomedical versatility, reduce diagnostic costs, and accelerate diagnosis time of microfluidics technology.

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Section: Biomedical Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomedical Applications of Microfluidic Devices: A Review

et al. 2022

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“…Both are miniaturized tissues able to reproduce the cell-cell and cell-ECM proteins interactions. Spheroids do not have limitations in the number/type of mature cells utilized, unlike organoids, which arise from tissue-specific stem cells or progenitor cells (harvested from different organs), have a more specific organ microarchitecture and more closely reproduce the functional tissue properties ( Wang et al, 2021 ; Zarrintaj et al, 2022 ). MTs can be generated through centrifugation, hanging-drop, layer-by-layer, and magnetic forces techniques.…”

Section: Heart Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac tissue engineering: Multiple approaches and potential applications

Gisone

Cecchettini

Ceccherini

et al. 2022

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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The overall increase in cardiovascular diseases and, specifically, the ever-rising exposure to cardiotoxic compounds has greatly increased in vivo animal testing; however, mainly due to ethical concerns related to experimental animal models, there is a strong interest in new in vitro models focused on the human heart. In recent years, human pluripotent stem cells-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) emerged as reference cell systems for cardiac studies due to their biological similarity to primary CMs, the flexibility in cell culture protocols, and the capability to be amplified several times. Furthermore, the ability to be genetically reprogrammed makes patient-derived hiPSCs, a source for studies on personalized medicine. In this mini-review, the different models used for in vitro cardiac studies will be described, and their pros and cons analyzed to help researchers choose the best fitting model for their studies. Particular attention will be paid to hiPSC-CMs and three-dimensional (3D) systems since they can mimic the cytoarchitecture of the human heart, reproducing its morphological, biochemical, and mechanical features. The advantages of 3D in vitro heart models compared to traditional 2D cell cultures will be discussed, and the differences between scaffold-free and scaffold-based systems will also be spotlighted.

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“…In a recent breakthrough, multiple organs were modeled on a single platform. Multi-organs-on-chips allow the monitoring of the potential interaction between organs, as well as the systemic modeling of diseases, by availing cross-organ communication [7,26,27]. The techniques that facilitate the simultaneous monitoring of multiple-organ systems, both collectively and separately, are even more complicated because the conventional analysis methods are inefficient in simultaneously sensing multiple signals and decoupling each signal for accurate interpretation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ biosensing technologies for an organ-on-a-chip

Kim,

Jin

et al. 2023

Biofabrication

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The in vitro simulation of organs resolves the accuracy, ethical, and cost challenges accompanying in vivo experiments. Organoids and organs-on-chips have been developed to model the in vitro, real-time biological and physiological features of organs. Numerous studies have deployed these systems to assess the in vitro, real-time responses of an organ to external stimuli. Particularly, organs-on-chips can be most efficiently employed in pharmaceutical drug development to predict the responses of organs before approving such drugs. Furthermore, multi-organ-on-a-chip systems facilitate the close representations of the in vivo environment. In this review, we discuss the biosensing technology that facilitates the in situ, real-time measurements of organ responses as readouts on organ-on-a-chip systems, including multi-organ models. Notably, a human-on-a-chip system integrated with automated multi-sensing will be established by further advancing the development of chips, as well as their assessment techniques.

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Human Organs‐on‐Chips: A Review of the State‐of‐the‐Art, Current Prospects, and Future Challenges

Cited by 27 publications

References 243 publications

Biomedical Applications of Microfluidic Devices: A Review

Biomedical Applications of Microfluidic Devices: A Review

Cardiac tissue engineering: Multiple approaches and potential applications

In situ biosensing technologies for an organ-on-a-chip

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