Human noroviruses: recent advances in a 50-year history

Atmar, Robert L.; Ramani, Sasirekha; Estes, Mary K.

doi:10.1097/qco.0000000000000476

Cited by 106 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 121 publications

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“…The majority of cases of NVs detected from AGE patients are classified into the GI and GII genogroups [36,37], which can be subdivided into genotypes. Nine genotypes of GI and 22 genotypes of GII have been identified to date [1,34]. In the present study, the two major genogroups GI and GII were detected by RT-PCR.…”

Section: Identification Of Asymptomatic Nv Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…We excluded children <7 years old and adults >80 years old (who might need assistance from other family members to collect samples) to avoid an increase in the risk of NV transmission within each family. NVs are divided into seven genogroups (GI to GVII), of which GI, GII, and GIV infect humans [1,34,35]. The majority of cases of NVs detected from AGE patients are classified into the GI and GII genogroups [36,37], which can be subdivided into genotypes.…”

Section: Identification Of Asymptomatic Nv Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human norovirus (NV) is a major causative agent of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis (AGE). NV infections are observed throughout the year worldwide, and sporadic and pandemic infections of NV are a serious public health problem in both developing and developed countries [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. NVs infect humans orally through direct or indirect contact with stool or vomit excreted from infected individuals [3,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Norovirus transmission mediated by asymptomatic family members in households

Phattanawiboon¹,

Nonthabenjawan²,

Boonyos³

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

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The transmission of human norovirus excreted from infected persons occasionally causes sporadic infections and outbreaks. Both symptomatic patients and asymptomatic carriers have been reported to contribute to norovirus transmission, but little is known about the magnitude of the contribution of asymptomatic carriers. We carried out a 1-year survey of residents of a district of Bangkok, Thailand to determine the percentage of norovirus transmissions originating from asymptomatic individuals. We screened 38 individuals recruited from 16 families from May 2018 to April 2019 for GI and GII genotypes. Norovirus was detected every month, and 101 of 716 stool samples (14.1%) from individuals with no symptoms of acute gastroenteritis were norovirus-positive. The average infection frequency was 2.4 times per person per year. Fourteen genotypes were identified from the positive samples, with GII.4 being detected most frequently. Notably, 89.1% of the norovirus-positive samples were provided by individuals with no diarrhea episode. Similar to cases of symptomatic infections in Thailand, asymptomatic infections were observed most frequently in December. We detected 4 cases of NV infection caused by household transmission, and 3 of the 4 transmissions originated from asymptomatic individuals. We also identified a case in which norovirus derived from an asymptomatic individual caused diarrhea in a family member. These results suggest that asymptomatic individuals play a substantial role in both the maintenance and spreading of norovirus in a community through household transmission.

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Section: Identification Of Asymptomatic Nv Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Identification Of Asymptomatic Nv Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Norovirus transmission mediated by asymptomatic family members in households

Phattanawiboon¹,

Nonthabenjawan²,

Boonyos³

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…No robust human-like models exist to study the pathogenesis and immunity of human noroviruses, although studies are being conducted with human volunteers, mice models and intestinal organoids [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. A taxonomically newer group of enteric caliciviruses of rhesus monkey host origin with the name Recovirus (ReCV) was isolated and characterized by our group in 2008 [ 7 , 10 ].…”

Section: Rhesus Enteric Caliciviruses (Recv)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Human Primate Models of Enteric Viral Infections

Sestak

2018

Viruses

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There is an important role non-human primates (NHP) play in biomedical research. Phylogenetic proximity of any of the NHP species to Homo sapiens assures that much better translatability of research outcomes from model studies involving human diseases can be achieved than from those generated with other pre-clinical systems. Our group and others used during past two decades NHPs in research directed towards viral and autoimmune disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. This review summarizes progress made in the area of enteric viral infections including its applicability to human disease.

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“…GI and GII are primarily associated with human disease [ 1 ]. The GII.4 cluster is responsible for most human norovirus outbreaks [ 7 ]; for example, over 80% of the outbreaks in the United States (1994–2006) were caused by strains from this cluster [ 4 ]. GI strains are more often associated with waterborne outbreaks than other genogroups [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Norovirus Outbreak Associated with Swimming in a Recreational Lake Not Influenced by External Human Fecal Sources in The Netherlands, August 2012

Schets

Berg

Vennema

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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Swimming in fecally contaminated recreational water may lead to gastrointestinal illness. A recreational water-associated outbreak of norovirus (NoV) infections affecting at least 100 people in The Netherlands occurred in August 2012. Questionnaire responses from patients indicated swimming in recreational lake Zeumeren as the most likely cause of illness. Most patients visited the lake during the weekend of 18–19 August, during which the weather was exceptionally warm (maximum temperatures 32–33 °C), and visitor numbers elevated. Patients, mostly children, became ill with gastroenteritis 1–6 days (median 2 days) after exposure. Four stool samples from patients were NoV GI positive. Subsurface sandy soil from one of the beaches where most patients swam was NoV GI positive; the water sample was negative. The epidemiological curve and the timeline of investigation based on reported symptoms demonstrate the difficulty in discovering the source in recreational water outbreaks. A NoV outbreak in a recreational lake that is not subjected to external fecal contamination sources shows the need for active communication about human shedding of viruses during and after diarrheal episodes and the advice to refrain from swimming, even a few weeks after the symptoms have resolved.

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Human noroviruses: recent advances in a 50-year history

Cited by 106 publications

References 121 publications

Norovirus transmission mediated by asymptomatic family members in households

Norovirus transmission mediated by asymptomatic family members in households

Non-Human Primate Models of Enteric Viral Infections

Norovirus Outbreak Associated with Swimming in a Recreational Lake Not Influenced by External Human Fecal Sources in The Netherlands, August 2012

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