Human neural stem cells over-expressing choline acetyltransferase restore cognition in rat model of cognitive dysfunction

Applications of the Keap1–Nrf2 system for gene and cell therapy

“…The challenging nature of stem cell therapy for AD is described in several excellent review papers published in recent years [137,138] . Despite these obstacles, numerous studies have demonstrated improvements in learning and memory by transplanting neural stem cells to the brains of rodents modeling AD [139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148] . In addition, transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells to mouse models of AD have shown restoration of memory deficits [149][150][151] and human umbilical cord-derived MSCs that have been differentiated to neuron-like cells also improve cognitive function in AD mouse models [152,153] .…”

Ginsenoside Re and Rd Enhance the Expression of Cholinergic Markers and Neuronal Differentiation in Neuro-2a Cells

“…8) In line with this, we evaluated whether the ginsenosides increase ChAT and VAChT expression that are required for cholinergic neurotransmission, such as ACh. In our system, the expression of ChAT and VAChT mRNA in N2a cells was significantly increased in case of treatment with Re and Rd, while other ginsenosides (Rb1, Rg1, and Rg3) showed no significant increase (Figs.…”

“…7) Our previous study demonstrated that ChAT overexpressing human neural stem cells restored cognition in AF64A cholinotoxin rat model, resulting in an increasing ACh level in rat cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). 8) This implies that the increase of the ChAT level in cholinergic neurons plays a critical role in cognition enhancement and thus the cholinergic gene locus "VAChT/ChAT" can be a putative target for therapeutic approaches on AD. [9][10][11] Several studies reported that ginsenosides (i.e., Rg1 and Rb1) isolated from ginseng are responsible for ginseng's effects on the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system.…”

Human adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cells improve cognitive function and physical activity in ageing mice

“…Three trials were conducted on each day with 5-min intervals for 7 consecutive days. The mean time spent to escape onto the platform was recorded (Park et al, 2012b).…”