Human milk–specific mucosal lymphocytes of the gastrointestinal tract display a TH2 cytokine profile

Beyer, Kirsten; Castro, R.R.; Birnbaum, Adrienne; Benkov, Keith; Pittman, Nanci; Sampson, Hugh A.

doi:10.1067/mai.2002.122503

Cited by 139 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 26 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…We were not able to detect any specific production of IL-4 in any of analyzed subjects and this was in contrast with previous reports (5,12). This discrepancy can be explained by the fact that our experimental design is not sufficient to recall a detectable IL-4 response in peripheral blood, being this lower than the sensitivity threshold of ELISPOT/ELISA assays we have used.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

“…Furthermore, a consistent number of the studies investigating the immune responses to CMP, and to food allergens in general, have used T-cell lines or T-cell clones, mostly derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). Albeit these are powerful techniques to investigate immune response to several antigens, and to define the stimulatory sequences in complex antigenic proteins, manipulation can occur in long-term cell cultures that could result in alteration of cell phenotypes and functions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Peripheral Blood Immune Response Elicited by Beta-Lactoglobulin in Childhood Cow's Milk Allergy

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Several studies analyzing the immune responses in patients with cow's milk allergy (CMA) have used T-cell lines or T-cell clones that require prolonged in vitro cell culturing and may result in a switched cell phenotype and function. We investigated immune responses to beta-lactoglobulin (b-LG) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after a short in vitro antigen stimulation in children with acute CMA (both IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated forms) and in those who outgrew an IgE-mediated CMA. Healthy controls were also investigated. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were assayed for IL-13, IFN-␥, IL-4, and IL-10. Although b-LG induced a cytokine production and/or cell proliferation almost in all children, included healthy controls, differences were observed among the four groups. Children with IgE-mediated CMA had a marked Th2-response, with high IL-13 production and proliferation, but low IFN-␥; by contrast, children with non-IgE-mediated CMA produced no, or very low, IL-13 and cell proliferation. Children, who outgrew CMA, showed a shift to a Th1-response, with reduced IL-13 and increased IFN-␥. IL-10-responses were high in all groups, with the highest level in healthy children; by contrast, IL-4 was undetectable in all children. This study highlights the use of shortly stimulated peripheral blood cells to investigate the food-induced immune responses. (Pediatr Res 70: 549-554, 2011)

show abstract

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Peripheral Blood Immune Response Elicited by Beta-Lactoglobulin in Childhood Cow's Milk Allergy

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This was seen in children with either immediate or delayed reactions. Our findings of reduced TGF-g 1 expression by mucosal lymphocytes in children with food allergy concord with recent reports by [21], while milk-specific T cell lines derived from the mucosa of food allergic infants showed a bias towards Th2 cytokine production, notably IL-13, but did not produce TGF-g [22].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 36%

Reduced transforming growth factor‐β1‐producing T cells in the duodenal mucosa of children with food allergy

et al. 2003

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Infant food allergies are increasing, and many breast-fed infants now sensitize to maternallyingested antigens. As low-dose oral tolerance requires generation of suppressor lymphocytes producing TGF-g 1 (Th3 cells), we studied these cells in duodenal biopsies after diagnostic endoscopy. Spontaneous production of Th1, Th2 and Th3 cytokines by duodenal lymphocytes was studied using flow cytometry in 20 children with no eventual clinicopathological diagnosis (controls), 30 children with multiple food allergy, nine with celiac disease and six with inflammatory enteropathies. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were used to localize TGF-g 1 protein and mRNA in matched biopsies. We found no significant Th1/Th2 skewing amongst mucosal lymphocytes in allergic children compared to controls, although celiac and inflammatory enteropathy patients showed increased Th1 responses. By contrast, the allergic children showed reduction of TGF-g 1 + lymphocytes in both epithelial and lamina propria compartments. Reduction of TGF-g 1 expression was also seen in mononuclear cells and epithelium in food allergy by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. The dominant mucosal abnormality in food allergic children was, thus, not Th2 deviation but impaired generation of Th3 cells. As generation of these cells requires innate immune response to enteric bacteria, we suggest that changing infectious exposures may inhibit primary establishment of basic oral tolerance mechanisms.

show abstract

“…CD45RO marker expression was present in 30% of CD4+CD25+ T cells of milk-tolerant children compared with 5% of children with milk allergy (21,115,(122)(123)(124). Children with milk allergy that displayed gastrointestinal symptoms had milk-specific T cells in gastrointestinal mucosa, and these T cells showed a TH2 cytokine secretion profile after specific stimulation (125). At an allergen-specific T-cell level, Turcanu et al ), similarly to nonallergenic.…”

Section: Oral and Sublingual Immunotherapy In Food Allergymentioning

confidence: 92%

Markers of tolerance development to food allergens

Ponce

Diesner

Szépfalusi

et al. 2016

Allergy

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

IgE-mediated reactions to food allergens are the most common cause of anaphylaxis in childhood. Although allergies to cow's milk, egg, or soy proteins, in contrast to peanut and tree nut allergens, resolve within the first 6 years of life in up to 60% due to natural tolerance development, this process is not well understood. At present, there is no cure or treatment for food allergy that would result in an induction of tolerance to the symptom-eliciting food. Avoidance, providing an emergency plan and education, is the standard of treatment. Oral immunotherapeutic approaches have been proven reasonable efficacy; however, they are associated with high rates of side-effects and low numbers of patients achieving tolerance. Nevertheless, mechanisms that take place during oral immunotherapy may help to understand tolerance development. On the basis of these therapeutic interventions, events like loss of basophil activation and induction of regulatory lymphocyte subsets and of blocking antibodies have been described. Their functional importance at a clinical level, however, remains to be investigated in detail. Consequently, there is eminent need to understand the process of tolerance development to food allergens and define biomarkers to develop and monitor new treatment strategies for food allergy.IgE-mediated food allergy represents the most important cause of anaphylaxis in childhood. While milk and egg allergy are associated with a high rate of natural tolerance development within the first 6 years of life, this is less clear for other food allergies. Consequently, once it is communicated the diagnosis persists often lifelong severely impacting the quality of life of the patient and the environment despite the recommendation to reconsider clinical tolerance development from time to time.Currently, avoidance, providing an emergency plan and teaching, is the standard of treatment; however, there is no cure or treatment that has reached the level of recommendation to re-induce tolerance to the symptom-eliciting food. Tolerance assessment occurs either via oral food challenges or due to unintended exposure. Given the cost and time intensiveness of oral food challenges and its potential harmfulness, there is eminent need to understand the process of tolerance development and define markers thereof to develop and monitor new treatment strategies for food allergy. This review aimed to provide an overview on recent advances regarding markers and mechanisms of tolerance development to food allergens.Oral tolerance in the context of food allergy is considered to occur if the antigen/food can be ingested without problems despite prolonged periods of avoidance, while the status of desensitization is strictly dependent on regular ingestion of the respective food in order to confer protection from allergic reactions. Currently, there is no general consensus on the exact time frame of avoidance and re-exposure that would allow the usage of the terminus tolerance that is considered equivalent to cure in the context of or...

show abstract

Human milk–specific mucosal lymphocytes of the gastrointestinal tract display a TH2 cytokine profile

Cited by 139 publications

References 26 publications

Peripheral Blood Immune Response Elicited by Beta-Lactoglobulin in Childhood Cow's Milk Allergy

Peripheral Blood Immune Response Elicited by Beta-Lactoglobulin in Childhood Cow's Milk Allergy

Reduced transforming growth factor‐β1‐producing T cells in the duodenal mucosa of children with food allergy

Markers of tolerance development to food allergens

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About