Human Milk and Brain Development in Infants

Chiurazzi, Martina; Cozzolino, Mauro; Reinelt, Tilman; Nguyen, Thai; Chie, Stefanie E.; Natalucci, Giancarlo; Miletta, Maria Consolata

doi:10.3390/reprodmed2020011

Cited by 24 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 92 publications

(105 reference statements)

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“…There are biologically plausible mechanisms through which breastfeeding could improve cognitive outcomes, such as the provision of myelination-inducing and neurodevelopment-enhancing long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and micronutrients (such as iron, folate, zinc, choline, among others). Human milk also contains microRNAs (miRNAs) that may be involved in epigenetic processes that promote the development of the brain and its functions [ 14 , 19 , 29 , 57 ]. Other potential mechanisms include the reduction of the risk of school absenteeism through protection from infectious diseases and the maternal attachment secondary to contact during breastfeeding [ 2 , 14 , 29 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

To what extent does confounding explain the association between breastfeeding duration and cognitive development up to age 14? Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study

2022

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Background Breastfeeding duration is associated with improved cognitive development in children, but it is unclear whether this is a causal relationship or due to confounding. This study evaluates whether the observed association is explained by socioeconomic position (SEP) and maternal cognitive ability. Methods Data from 7,855 singletons born in 2000–2002 and followed up to age 14 years within the UK Millennium Cohort Study were analysed. Mothers reported breastfeeding duration, and children’s cognitive abilities were assessed at 5, 7, 11, and 14 years using validated measures. Standardised verbal (age 5 to 14) and spatial (age 5 to 11) cognitive scores were compared across breastfeeding duration groups using multivariable linear mixed-effects models (repeated outcome measures). Results At all ages, longer breastfeeding durations were associated with higher cognitive scores after accounting for the child’s own characteristics. Adjustment for SEP approximately halved the effect sizes. Further adjustment for maternal cognitive scores removed the remaining associations at age 5, but not at ages 7, 11 and 14 (e.g.: verbal scores, age 14; breastfed ≥12 months vs never breastfed: 0.26 SD; 95%CI: 0.18, 0.34). Conclusion The associations between breastfeeding duration and cognitive scores persist after adjusting for SEP and maternal cognitive ability, however the effect was modest.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

To what extent does confounding explain the association between breastfeeding duration and cognitive development up to age 14? Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study

2022

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“…In this context, it could be proposed that exosomes take part in the neurodevelopmental properties of breast milk. Accordingly, numerous miRNAs contained in milk exosomes, such as miR-148a, miR-141-3p, miR-375, and miR-107, might be involved in nervous system pathways and brain development [ 199 , 200 ]. However, sphingomyelin and other phospholipids present in milk exosomes have been demonstrated to promote neurodevelopment in preclinical research and clinical studies [ 196 ].…”

Section: Beneficial Effects Of Bovine Milk Exosomes On Overall Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beneficial Effects of Bovine Milk Exosomes in Metabolic Interorgan Cross-Talk

et al. 2022

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Extracellular vesicles are membrane-enclosed secreted vesicles involved in cell-to-cell communication processes, identified in virtually all body fluids. Among extracellular vesicles, exosomes have gained increasing attention in recent years as they have unique biological origins and deliver different cargos, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, which might mediate various health processes. In particular, milk-derived exosomes are proposed as bioactive compounds of breast milk, which have been reported to resist gastric digestion and reach systemic circulation, thus being bioavailable after oral intake. In the present manuscript, we critically discuss the available evidence on the health benefits attributed to milk exosomes, and we provide an outlook for the potential future uses of these compounds. The use of milk exosomes as bioactive ingredients represents a novel avenue to explore in the context of human nutrition, and they might exert important beneficial effects at multiple levels, including but not limited to intestinal health, bone and muscle metabolism, immunity, modulation of the microbiota, growth, and development.

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“…Milk plays an important role in neuronal development and neurotransmission [ 53 ]. The present study showed that milk type can highly influence the neuronal development and transmission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Whey Proteome between Mediterranean and Murrah Buffalo Colostrum and Mature Milk Reflect Their Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Value

et al. 2022

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milk represents an integrated meal for newborns; its whey protein is rich in many health beneficial components and proteins. The current study aimed to investigate the differences between colostrum and mature milk from Mediterranean and Murrah buffaloes using labeled proteomics and bioinformatics tools. In the current work, LC-MS/MS analysis led to identification of 780 proteins from which 638 were shared among three independent TMT experiments. The significantly changed proteins between the studied types were analyzed using gene ontology enrichment and KEGG pathways, and their interactions were generated using STRING database. Results indicated that immunological, muscular development and function, blood coagulation, heme related, neuronal, translation, metabolic process, and binding proteins were the main terms. Overall, colostrum showed higher levels of immunoglobulins, myosins, actin, neurofascin, syntaxins, thyroglobulins, and RNA-binding proteins, reflecting its importance in the development and activity of immunological, muscular, cardiac, neuronal, and thyroid systems, while lactoferrin and ferritin were increased in mature milk, highlighting its role in iron storage and hemoglobin formation.

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Human Milk and Brain Development in Infants

Cited by 24 publications

References 92 publications

To what extent does confounding explain the association between breastfeeding duration and cognitive development up to age 14? Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study

To what extent does confounding explain the association between breastfeeding duration and cognitive development up to age 14? Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study

Beneficial Effects of Bovine Milk Exosomes in Metabolic Interorgan Cross-Talk

Changes in Whey Proteome between Mediterranean and Murrah Buffalo Colostrum and Mature Milk Reflect Their Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Value

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