Human live birth and sperm–sex ratios compared

Graffelman, Jan; Fugger, Edward F.; Keyvanfar, Keyvan; Schulman, Joseph D.

doi:10.1093/humrep/14.11.2917

Cited by 30 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Although the underlying mechanism of reduction in SSR by ICSI remains unclear, one hypothesis by Luke et al 36 is that the cause may be potentially iatrogenic, because the underlying ratio of X-and Y-bearing sperm is almost equal (50.3% Y-bearing sperm). 37,38 The higher proportion of male births after BT seen in our study is consistent with the literature. 35,39,40 There are a number of possible reasons.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

The effect on human sex ratio at birth by assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures – an assessment of babies born following single embryo transfers, Australia and New Zealand, 2002–2006

Dean

Chapman

Sullivan

2010

BJOG

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Objective To assess the effect on the human sex ratio at birth by assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures.Design Retrospective population-based study.Setting Fertility clinics in Australia and New Zealand.Population The study included 13 368 babies by 13 165 women who had a single embryo transfer (SET) between 2002 and 2006.Methods Logistic regression was used to model the effect on the sex ratio at birth of ART characteristics [in vitro fertilisation (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm insemination (ICSI) SET, cleavage-stage or blastocyst SET, and fresh or thawed SET] and biological characteristics (woman's and partner's age and cause of infertility).Main outcome measures Proportion of male births. ResultsThe crude sex ratio at birth was 51.3%. Individual ART procedures had a significant effect on the sex ratio at birth. More males were born following IVF SET (53.0%) than ICSI SET (50.0%), and following blastocyst SET (54.1%) than cleavage-stage SET (49.9%). For a specific ART regimen, IVF blastocyst SET produced more males (56.1%) and ICSI cleavage-stage SET produced fewer males (48.7%).Conclusions The change in the sex ratio at birth of SET babies is associated with the ART regimen. The mechanism of these effects remains unclear. Fertility clinics and patients should be aware of the bias in the sex ratio at birth when using ART procedures.Keywords ART births, blastocyst, cleavage-stage embryo, ICSI, IVF, logistic regression, sex ratio at birth, single embryo transfer.Please cite this paper as: Dean J, Chapman M, Sullivan E. The effect on human sex ratio at birth by assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures -an assessment of babies born following single embryo

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

The effect on human sex ratio at birth by assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures – an assessment of babies born following single embryo transfers, Australia and New Zealand, 2002–2006

Dean

Chapman

Sullivan

2010

BJOG

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“…Male gender is an independent risk factor for adverse perinatal outcomes, including stillbirth and prematurity, as well as higher neonatal and infant mortality at every gestational age (4,(19)(20)(21). Surprisingly, however, the proportion of males at birth (51.3%) is higher than the percentage of Y-bearing sperm found in human semen (50.3%) (22). Our study demonstrates a potential iatrogenic source of a decline in the sex ratio, as opposed to evolutionary antecedents, which may serve to address the greater mortality of males in the perinatal and young adult periods of life.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The sex ratio of singleton offspring in assisted-conception pregnancies

Luke

Brown

Grainger

et al. 2009

Fertility and Sterility

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“…It has been reported that human ejaculated spermatozoa display a normal Y:X ratio that does not differ from the Mendelian ratio [4-6]. Nevertheless, Table 1 shows that genetically diagnosed 4- to 8-cell IVF embryos exhibit sex ratios between 1.29 and 1.50.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Changes in sex ratio from fertilization to birth in assisted-reproductive-treatment cycles

Tarı́n

Garcı́a-Pérez

Hermenegildo

et al. 2014

Reprod Biol Endocrinol

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BackgroundIn Western gender-neutral countries, the sex ratio at birth is estimated to be approximately 1.06. This ratio is lower than the estimated sex ratio at fertilization which ranges from 1.07 to 1.70 depending on the figures of sex ratio at birth and differential embryo/fetal mortality rates taken into account to perform these estimations. Likewise, little is known about the sex ratio at implantation in natural and assisted-reproduction-treatment (ART) cycles. In this bioessay, we aim to estimate the sex ratio at fertilization and implantation using data from embryos generated by standard in-vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in preimplantation genetic diagnosis cycles. Thereafter, we compare sex ratios at implantation and birth in cleavage- and blastocyst-stage-transfer cycles to propose molecular mechanisms accounting for differences in post-implantation male and female mortality and thereby variations in sex ratios at birth in ART cycles.MethodsA literature review based on publications up to December 2013 identified by PubMed database searches.ResultsSex ratio at both fertilization and implantation is estimated to be between 1.29 and 1.50 in IVF cycles and 1.07 in ICSI cycles. Compared with the estimated sex ratio at implantation, sex ratio at birth is lower in IVF cycles (1.03 after cleavage-stage transfer and 1.25 after blastocyst-stage transfer) but similar and close to unity in ICSI cycles (0.95 after cleavage-stage transfer and 1.04 after blastocyst-stage transfer).ConclusionsIn-vitro-culture-induced precocious X-chromosome inactivation together with ICSI-induced decrease in number of trophectoderm cells in female blastocysts may account for preferential female mortality at early post-implantation stages and thereby variations in sex ratios at birth in ART cycles.

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Human live birth and sperm–sex ratios compared

Cited by 30 publications

References 10 publications

The effect on human sex ratio at birth by assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures – an assessment of babies born following single embryo transfers, Australia and New Zealand, 2002–2006

The effect on human sex ratio at birth by assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures – an assessment of babies born following single embryo transfers, Australia and New Zealand, 2002–2006

The sex ratio of singleton offspring in assisted-conception pregnancies

Changes in sex ratio from fertilization to birth in assisted-reproductive-treatment cycles

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