The sex ratio of singleton offspring in assisted-conception pregnancies

Luke, Barbara; Brown, Morton B.; Grainger, David A.; Baker, Valerie L.; Ginsburg, Elizabeth S.; Stern, Judy E.

doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.107

Cited by 41 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…In the present study, the male sex ratio differed markedly between the Cryo-ICSI (57.0%) and the fresh-ICSI group (48.9%), the latter confirming previous reports (33,34), and could be due to the predominant use of ICSI in paternal infertility and a positive selection of X sperm cells. However, Luke et al observed that the decrease in male sex ratio was seen even in the absence of male factor infertility, and the investigators hypothesized that the cause of the diminished male sex ratio associated with fresh-ICSI might be a differential death of male and female embryos in the early stages of embryogenesis (34).…”

Section: Comparisons With Other Studiessupporting

confidence: 90%

“…However, Luke et al observed that the decrease in male sex ratio was seen even in the absence of male factor infertility, and the investigators hypothesized that the cause of the diminished male sex ratio associated with fresh-ICSI might be a differential death of male and female embryos in the early stages of embryogenesis (34). Sperm separation procedures or culture medias have also been suggested as explanations (33).…”

Section: Comparisons With Other Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Infant outcome of 957 singletons born after frozen embryo replacement: The Danish National Cohort Study 1995–2006

Pinborg

Loft

Henningsen

et al. 2010

Fertility and Sterility

245

168

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Section: Comparisons With Other Studiessupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Comparisons With Other Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant outcome of 957 singletons born after frozen embryo replacement: The Danish National Cohort Study 1995–2006

Pinborg

Loft

Henningsen

et al. 2010

Fertility and Sterility

245

168

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“… a Large-sample surveys using United States [23] and Australia and New Zealand [24] assisted reproductive databases. b Cleavage-stage transfer. c Blastocyst-stage transfer.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in sex ratio from fertilization to birth in assisted-reproductive-treatment cycles

Tarı́n

Garcı́a-Pérez

Hermenegildo

et al. 2014

Reprod Biol Endocrinol

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BackgroundIn Western gender-neutral countries, the sex ratio at birth is estimated to be approximately 1.06. This ratio is lower than the estimated sex ratio at fertilization which ranges from 1.07 to 1.70 depending on the figures of sex ratio at birth and differential embryo/fetal mortality rates taken into account to perform these estimations. Likewise, little is known about the sex ratio at implantation in natural and assisted-reproduction-treatment (ART) cycles. In this bioessay, we aim to estimate the sex ratio at fertilization and implantation using data from embryos generated by standard in-vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in preimplantation genetic diagnosis cycles. Thereafter, we compare sex ratios at implantation and birth in cleavage- and blastocyst-stage-transfer cycles to propose molecular mechanisms accounting for differences in post-implantation male and female mortality and thereby variations in sex ratios at birth in ART cycles.MethodsA literature review based on publications up to December 2013 identified by PubMed database searches.ResultsSex ratio at both fertilization and implantation is estimated to be between 1.29 and 1.50 in IVF cycles and 1.07 in ICSI cycles. Compared with the estimated sex ratio at implantation, sex ratio at birth is lower in IVF cycles (1.03 after cleavage-stage transfer and 1.25 after blastocyst-stage transfer) but similar and close to unity in ICSI cycles (0.95 after cleavage-stage transfer and 1.04 after blastocyst-stage transfer).ConclusionsIn-vitro-culture-induced precocious X-chromosome inactivation together with ICSI-induced decrease in number of trophectoderm cells in female blastocysts may account for preferential female mortality at early post-implantation stages and thereby variations in sex ratios at birth in ART cycles.

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“…fewer males) following ICSI. One study found a ratio of 96:100 (Luke et al 2009) and another 101:100 (Fedder et al 2007) males:females following ICSI. Although the normal primary (conception) sex ratio is considerably higher (Hassold et al 1983), the normal secondary (birth) sex ratio in humans is 105 or 106 male births for every 100 female births.…”

Section: Problem 2: the Zp In The Maternal Testosterone Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this setting, therefore, only male vulnerability is left to modify the birth sex ratio. The consequence is that equal numbers of the sexes may well be conceived, but more males will be lost post conception, resulting in fewer males than usual being born (Fedder et al 2007, Luke et al 2009). This suggests that in the absence of a potential influence of the ZP during ICSI, random sex allocation does occur in humans, but when the ZP is present (i.e.…”

Section: Problem 2: the Zp In The Maternal Testosterone Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Can mammalian mothers influence the sex of their offspring peri-conceptually?

Grant

Chamley²

2010

Reproduction

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Although controversial, growing evidence from evolutionary biology suggests that the mammalian mother may have a role in influencing the sex of her offspring. However, there is competing information on the molecular mechanisms by which such influence could be manifested. The new initiatives are based on hypotheses from evolutionary biology: the 'good condition' hypothesis, which suggests that post conception, higher levels of maternal glucose may differentially promote the development of male embryos; and the 'maternal dominance' hypothesis, which proposes that before conception, higher follicular testosterone may influence the development of the ovum so that it emerges already adapted to receive an X-or a Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoon. Now, it seems these hypothesised mechanisms could be operating in synchrony, each complementing and reinforcing the other. On the other hand, there are continuing problems in identifying a precise sequence of mechanisms as evidenced from research in sperm-sorting. Research on high-fat diets and the sex ratio in polytocous species may indicate important differences in proximate mechanisms for sex allocation between polytocous and monotocous mammals.

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The sex ratio of singleton offspring in assisted-conception pregnancies

Cited by 41 publications

References 30 publications

Infant outcome of 957 singletons born after frozen embryo replacement: The Danish National Cohort Study 1995–2006

Infant outcome of 957 singletons born after frozen embryo replacement: The Danish National Cohort Study 1995–2006

Changes in sex ratio from fertilization to birth in assisted-reproductive-treatment cycles

Can mammalian mothers influence the sex of their offspring peri-conceptually?

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