Human Interventions: Driving Forces of Mosquito Evolution

Fouet, Caroline; Atkinson, Peter W.; Kamdem, Colince

doi:10.1016/j.pt.2017.10.012

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…It is of particular concern that biological resistance has evolved in both mosquito vectors and malaria parasites [2]. While parasite resistance to ACT is currently confined to the Greater Mekong Subregion of South-East Asia [6, 7], mosquito resistance to pyrethroids (the most common group of insecticides used in bed nets) is now widespread across sub-Saharan Africa [8, 9]. There is a compelling need to develop new anti-malaria tools to complement current interventions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling the potential of genetic control of malaria mosquitoes at national scale

2019

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Background The persistence of malaria in large parts of sub-Saharan Africa has motivated the development of novel tools to complement existing control programmes, including gene-drive technologies to modify mosquito vector populations. Here, we use a stochastic simulation model to explore the potential of using a driving-Y chromosome to suppress vector populations in a 10 6 km 2 area of West Africa including all of Burkina Faso. Results The consequence of driving-Y introductions is predicted to vary across the landscape, causing elimination of the target species in some regions and suppression in others. We explore how this variation is determined by environmental conditions, mosquito behaviour, and the properties of the gene-drive. Seasonality is particularly important, and we find population elimination is more likely in regions with mild dry seasons whereas suppression is more likely in regions with strong seasonality. Conclusions Despite the spatial heterogeneity, we suggest that repeated introductions of modified mosquitoes over a few years into a small fraction of human settlements may be sufficient to substantially reduce the overall number of mosquitoes across the entire geographic area. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12915-019-0645-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling the potential of genetic control of malaria mosquitoes at national scale

2019

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“…This demand, which had realized in the present study especially as scientists have recently been warning of a "supermalaria" parasite that is quickly spreading throughout Southeast Asia and will pose a worldwide health threat if it makes its way to Africa. This parasite is resistant to the most common first-line malaria treatment, artemisinin [48]. Also, the high level of genetic diversity between the different species of mosquitoes and their ability to swap their genes is making it very difficult to prevent insecticide-resistant groups from forming.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ATC Malachlorite® for treatment of patients with acute Plasmodium falciparum infection: A pilot study incorporating 500 patients in the rural area of Cameroon

Enno¹,

Strobel²,

Weber³

2018

GSC Biol. Pharm. Sci.

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Malaria is one of the most widespread infectious diseases with over 2 million deaths per year in Central Africa. Since new drug combinations are characterized by the development of tolerance as well as serious side effect there is an increasing demand for a new medication. We therefore set out to study the efficacy of a sublingual tablet with a new mode of action consisting of sodium chlorite (NaClO2) plus citric acid and an artimisin extract. By adding sodium bicarbonate, an effervescent composition is attained, which when being exposed to saline, chlorine dioxide (ClO2) the active ingredient is being released. Being a potent oxygen radical, it attaches to the layer of a trophozoite resulting in the disintegration and its demise. This reaction is terminated within one hour and ClO2 dissolves into the two end products, sodium chloride (table salt) and water. Following informed consent 500 patients (240 male, 260 female mean age 27 +/-19 SD) within the rural area of Cameroon and demonstrating acute symptoms of malaria infection, were given 5 sublingual tablets of ACT Malachlorite® 3 times per day at an 8 hour interval. The medication was able to reverse acute symptoms of malaria within the first 2 days. Using thick blood films, trophozoite count under the microscope demonstrated a highly significant reduction (p < 0.001) of count of Plasmodium falciparum. From a mean of 6430 (+/-816 SD) trophozoites per mm3, prarasitemia dropped to a mean of 4932 (+/-842 SD) on day two and further declined to 1454 (+/-401 SD; p < 0.001) on day four. No trophozoites could be detected in the blood on day six. Side effects were reported from the intestinal tract consisting of bloating and cramping while the majority of patients complained of the pungent chlorine taste as being unpleasant. The new ATC Malachlorite® tablet presents a promising new approach in malaria treatment with a different mode of action than all present antimalarial agents.

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“…Genetic tests aim to detect acute changes in population size due to variations in the number of individuals whose genetic material is passed onto the next generation. However, genome-scale studies have shown that the demographic changes possibly associated with vector control efforts are either too weak or undetectable at the genetic level in large mosquito populations, even with powerful sequencing technologies [36,59]. Therefore, it is unclear whether genetic analyses of population size, which are technically challenging, would be of any utility in MCDs.…”

Section: Monitoring the Impacts Of Mosquito Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Mosquito Management: Is Precision Control a Luxury or Necessity?

Fouet

Kamdem

2019

Trends in Parasitology

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The versatility of mosquito species that spread emerging arthropod-borne viruses such as Zika has highlighted the urgent need to re-evaluate mosquito control standards. The prospect of using precise knowledge of the geographic distribution and vector status of local populations to guide targeted interventions has gained renewed attention, but the feasibility and utility of such an approach remain to be investigated. Using the example of mosquito management in the United States, we present ideas for designing, monitoring, and assessing precision vector control tailored to different environmental and epidemiological settings. We emphasize the technical adjustments that could be implemented in mosquito control districts to enable targeted control while strengthening traditional management.

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Human Interventions: Driving Forces of Mosquito Evolution

Cited by 23 publications

References 84 publications

Modelling the potential of genetic control of malaria mosquitoes at national scale

Modelling the potential of genetic control of malaria mosquitoes at national scale

ATC Malachlorite® for treatment of patients with acute Plasmodium falciparum infection: A pilot study incorporating 500 patients in the rural area of Cameroon

Integrated Mosquito Management: Is Precision Control a Luxury or Necessity?

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