Human Infection with <i>Cryptosporidium felis</i>: Case Report and Literature Review

Cacciò, Simone M.; Pinter, Elena; Fantini, Rosanna; Mezzaroma, Ivano; Pozio, Edoardo

doi:10.3201/eid0801.010269

Cited by 99 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…Although the reservoir for this genotype is yet to be identified, it is likely to be a wild animal (13), as it has not been identified in previous extensive studies of domestic animals and humans. Cervine, cervine variant, and W17 are novel genotypes that can be added to the growing list of unusual species and genotypes that have been infrequently reported in humans (3,7,10,18,22,23,28,36,38). A number of factors may explain the low incidences of unusual species and genotypes relative to the incidences of C. parvum and C. hominis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence Supporting Zoonotic Transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in Wisconsin

et al. 2006

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Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum are the primary species of Cryptosporidium that infect humans. C. hominis has an anthroponotic transmission cycle, while C. parvum is zoonotic, infecting cattle and other ruminants, in addition to humans. Most cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in the United States have been caused by C. hominis, and this species is often reported as the primary cause of cryptosporidiosis in this country. However, outbreaks account for only 10% of the overall cryptosporidiosis cases, and there are few data on the species that cause sporadic cases. The present study identified the species/genotypes and subgenotypes of Cryptosporidium in 49 cases of sporadic cryptosporidiosis in Wisconsin during the period from 2003 to 2005. The species/genotype of isolates was determined by PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the 18S rRNA and Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein genes. The C. parvum and C. hominis isolates were subgenotyped by sequence analysis of the GP60 gene. Forty-four of 49 isolates were identified as C. parvum, and 1 was identified as C. hominis. Of the remaining isolates, one was identified as being of the cervine genotype, one was identified as being a cervine genotype variant, and two were identified as being of a novel human genotype, previously reported as W17. Nine different subgenotypes were identified within the C. parvum species, and two of these were responsible for 60% of the cases. In this study we found that most sporadic cases of cryptosporidiosis in Wisconsin are caused by zoonotic Cryptosporidium species, indicating that zoonotic transmission could be more frequently associated with sporadic cases in the United States.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence Supporting Zoonotic Transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in Wisconsin

et al. 2006

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“…Most human infections are thought to be caused by C. parvum or C. hominis although other Cryptosporidium species are reported to cause human infection, particularly in immunocompromised individuals (Flynn, 2003;Caccio, 2002). The propensity of the parasite to survive and be transmitted through source waters makes this an important public health threat.…”

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confidence: 99%

Drug treatment and novel drug target againstCryptosporidium

Gargala

2008

Parasite

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Summary :Cryptosporidiosis emergence triggered the screening of many compounds for potential anti-cryptosporidial activity in which the majority were ineffective. The outbreak of cryptosporidiosis which occurred in Milwaukee in 1993 was not only the first significant emergence of Cryptosporidium spp. as a major human pathogen but also a huge waterborne outbreak thickening thousands of people from a major city in North America. Since then, outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis are regularly occurring throughout the world. New drugs against this parasite became consequently urgently needed. Among the most commonly used treatments against cryptosporidiosis are paromomycin, and azithromycin, which are partially effective. Nitazoxanide (NTZ)'s effectiveness was demonstrated in vitro, and in vivo using several animal models and finally in clinical trials. It significantly shortened the duration of diarrhea and decreased mortality in adults and in malnourished children. NTZ is not effective without an appropriate immune response. In AIDS patients, combination therapy restoring immunity along with antimicrobial treatment of Cryptosporidium infection is necessary. Recent investigations focused on the potential of molecular-based immunotherapy against this parasite. Others tested the effects of probiotic bacteria, but were unable to demonstrate eradication of C. parvum. New synthetic isoflavone derivatives demonstrated excellent activity against C. parvum in vitro and in a gerbil model of infection. Newly synthesized nitroor non nitro-thiazolide compounds, derived from NTZ, have been recently shown to be at least as effective as NTZ against C. parvum in vitro development and are promising new therapeutic agents.

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“…[2][3][4] Although asymptomatic infections are relatively common in healthy cats, 2,4,5 immunocompromised cats may have prolonged diarrhea and morbidity. 6 In addition, these protozoa have been associated with debilitating diarrhea in immunocompromised people, [7][8][9] and investigators have emphasized consideration of a client's health status independent of the apparent health of the cat when electing parasite screening of new pets. 10 The apparent prevalence of Giardia spp.…”

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confidence: 99%

Comparison of Direct Immunofluorescence, Immunoassays, and Fecal Flotation for Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in Naturally Exposed Cats in 4 Northern California Animal Shelters

Mekaru

Marks

Felley

et al. 2007

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background: Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. are common intestinal protozoan parasites in domestic cats. Few studies have critically evaluated the performance characteristics of commercially available immunoassays for detection of these organisms in the cat.Hypothesis: Human-based immunoassays are suboptimal for the detection of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in cats. Animals: Three-hundred-and-forty-four cats with diarrheic and nondiarrheic fecal specimens at 4 northern California animal shelters.Methods: A fecal specimen was collected from each cat in a case-controlled fashion. Fecal specimens were tested for Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. by using centrifugation flotation and 5 commercially available immunoassays (SNAP Giardia, ProSpecT Giardia Microplate Assay, ProSpecT Cryptosporidium Microplate Assay, ImmunoCard STAT! Cryptosporidium/ Giardia Rapid Assay, and Xpect Giardia/Cryptosporidium). Results were compared with a reference standard, the MeriFluor direct immunofluorescence assay.Results: Overall prevalences of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. were 9.8 and 4.7%, respectively. The ProSpecT Microplate Assay had the highest sensitivities and specificities for Giardia spp. (91.2 and 99.4%) and Cryptosporidum spp. (71.4 and 96.7%), respectively. The SNAP Giardia antigen assay was easier to use and equally sensitive (85.3%) and specific (100%) to fecal flotation.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Caution should be exercised when using human-based immunoassays for the diagnosis of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in cats. Fecal flotation remains a useful method for detection of Giardia spp., can be used to detect other parasites, and has a sensitivity of 97.8% for detection of Giardia spp. when combined with the SNAP Giardia immunoassay.

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Human Infection with Cryptosporidium felis: Case Report and Literature Review

Cited by 99 publications

References 15 publications

Evidence Supporting Zoonotic Transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in Wisconsin

Evidence Supporting Zoonotic Transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in Wisconsin

Drug treatment and novel drug target againstCryptosporidium

Comparison of Direct Immunofluorescence, Immunoassays, and Fecal Flotation for Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in Naturally Exposed Cats in 4 Northern California Animal Shelters

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