Human Infection with an Avian H9N2 Influenza A Virus in Hong Kong in 2003

Butt, K. M.; Smith, Gavin J. D.; Chen, Honglin; Zhang, L. J.; Leung, Connie Y. H.; Xu, Kemin; Lim, Wilina; Webster, Robert G.; Yuen, Kwok‐Yung; Peiris, Malik; Guan, Yi

doi:10.1128/jcm.43.11.5760-5767.2005

Cited by 551 publications

(438 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…During the past two decades many novel AIVs infecting poultry have emerged in China, including those that cause human disease (Claas et al, 1998;Butt et al, 2005;Gao et al, 2013;Guan & Smith, 2013;Wei et al, 2013;Chen et al, 2014;Su et al, 2015;Yang et al, 2015). Interestingly, almost all of these human-infecting AIVs are prevalent in live poultry markets (LPMs) in southern China, a locality often regarded as an 'epicenter' of influenza genetic diversity and emergence (Guan & Smith, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity and evolution of avian influenza viruses in live poultry markets, free-range poultry and wild wetland birds in China

Chen

Lin

Guo

et al. 2016

Journal of General Virology

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The wide circulation of novel avian influenza viruses (AIVs) highlights the risk of pandemic influenza emergence in China. To investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of AIVs in different ecological contexts, we surveyed AIVs in live poultry markets (LPMs), free-range poultry and the wetland habitats of wild birds in Zhejiang and Hubei provinces. Notably, LPMs contained the highest frequency of AIV infection, and the greatest number of subtypes (n59) and subtype co-infections (n514), as well as frequent reassortment, suggesting that they play an active role in fuelling AIV transmission. AIV-positive samples were also identified in wild birds in both provinces and free-range poultry in one sampling site close to a wetland region in Hubei. H9N2, H7N9 and H5N1 were the most commonly sampled subtypes in the LPMs from Zhejiang, whilst H5N6 and H9N2 were the dominant subtypes in the LPMs from Hubei. Phylogenetic analyses of the whole-genome sequences of 43 AIVs revealed that three reassortant H5 subtypes were circulating in LMPs in both geographical regions. Notably, the viruses sampled from the wetland regions and free-range poultry contained complex reassortants, for which the origins of some segments were unclear. Overall, our study highlights the extent of AIV genetic diversity in two highly populated parts of central and south-eastern China, particularly in LPMs, and emphasizes the need for continual surveillance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity and evolution of avian influenza viruses in live poultry markets, free-range poultry and wild wetland birds in China

Chen

Lin

Guo

et al. 2016

Journal of General Virology

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“…H9N2 influenza viruses have been widely reported to infect mammals, including pigs and humans (Abolnik et al, 2010;Butt et al, 2010;Cong et al, 2007;Sun et al, 2010;Xu et al, 2007); there is evidence that a large number of people have been infected with H9N2 viruses, in particular poultry workers (Coman et al, 2013;Jia et al, 2009;Wang et al, 2009). H9N2 virus infections in humans showed typical human flu-like symptoms, which can easily go undetected or unreported (Butt et al, 2005;Lin et al, 2000). Recent studies showed that H9N2 viruses contributed the six internal genes to the novel H7N9 and H10N8 viruses that are causing severe human infections in China (Chen et al, 2014;Gao et al, 2013;Zhang et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PA-X is a virulence factor in avian H9N2 influenza virus

Gao

Sun

et al. 2015

Journal of General Virology

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H9N2 influenza viruses have been circulating worldwide in multiple avian species, and regularly infect pigs and humans. Recently, a novel protein, PA-X, produced from the PA gene by ribosomal frameshifting, was demonstrated to be an antivirulence factor in pandemic 2009 H1N1, highly pathogenic avian H5N1 and 1918 H1N1 viruses. However, a similar role of PA-X in the prevalent H9N2 avian influenza viruses has not been established. In this study, we compared the virulence and cytopathogenicity of H9N2 WT virus and H9N2 PA-X-deficient virus. Loss of PA-X in H9N2 virus reduced apoptosis and had a marginal effect on progeny virus output in human pulmonary adenocarcinoma (A549) cells. Without PA-X, PA was less able to suppress co-expressed GFP in human embryonic kidney 293T cells. Furthermore, absence of PA-X in H9N2 virus attenuated viral pathogenicity in mice, which showed no mortality, reduced progeny virus production, mild-to-normal lung histopathology, and dampened proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine response. Therefore, unlike previously reported H1N1 and H5N1 viruses, we show that PA-X protein in H9N2 virus is a pro-virulence factor in facilitating viral pathogenicity and that the pro-or antivirulence role of PA-X in influenza viruses is virus strain-dependent.

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“…The molecular basis of host-range restriction and adaptation of influenza A viruses to a new host species has not exactly been determined. Previous studies revealed that mutation of the polymerase complex is necessary for adaptation to a new host and may increase replication and transcription of the adapted virus in mammalian species [5,21] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The role of the PA protein isn't exactly clear, but numerous studies indicated that it is essential for cap snatching and viral RNA promoter recognition [1,4] . During 1999 to 2003, human cases of H9N2 virus infection have been reported in China [5] . Published surveys indicated that H9N2 viruses can infect humans and it is considered to be one of the potential public health risks [6][7][8][9][10] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%