Genetic analysis of polymerase complex (PA, PB1 and PB2) genes of H9N2 avian influenza viruses from Iran (1999 to 2009)

Soltanialvar, Masoud; Goodarzi, Reza; Akbarnejad, Farshad

doi:10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60243-3

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(53 reference statements)

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“…Gabriel et al . 17 reported that amino acid substitutions at residue 615 were associated with the adaptation of H5N2 and H7N7 influenza viruses by enhancing the polymerase activity and the virulence in mice together with other mutations 17,23,39 . These results suggest that the PA(K615E) substitution in MA-H3N2 may play a similar role to that of previously identified mutations at position 615 in the PA protein.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic PA and HA mutations confer mouse adaptation of a contemporary A/H3N2 influenza virus

Baz

Mhamdi

Carbonneau

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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The mouse is the most widely used animal model for influenza virus research. However, the susceptibility of mice to seasonal influenza virus depends on the strain of mouse and on the strain of the influenza virus. Seasonal A/H3N2 influenza viruses do not replicate well in mice and therefore they need to be adapted to this animal model. In this study, we generated a mouse-adapted A/H3N2 virus (A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 [MA-H3N2]) by serial passaging in mouse lungs that exhibited greater virulence compared to the wild-type virus (P0-H3N2). Seven mutations were found in the genome of MA-H3N2: PA(K615E), NP(G384R), NA(G320E) and HA(N122D, N144E, N246K, and A304T). Using reverse genetics, two synergistically acting genes were found as determinants of the pathogenicity in mice. First, the HA substitutions were shown to enhanced viral replication in vitro and, second, the PA-K615E substitution increased polymerase activity, although did not alter virus replication in vitro or in mice. Notably, single mutations had only limited effects on virulence in vitro. In conclusion, a co-contribution of HA and PA mutations resulted in a lethal mouse model of seasonal A/H3N2 virus. Such adapted virus is an excellent tool for evaluation of novel drugs or vaccines and for study of influenza pathogenesis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic PA and HA mutations confer mouse adaptation of a contemporary A/H3N2 influenza virus

Baz

Mhamdi

Carbonneau

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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“…Efficient virus replication in dogs and mice was also described [44,45]. The virus is now endemic and many reports described virus isolation or seroprevalence in chickens, turkeys and wild birds [39,[46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53]. Vaccination was used in the field to mitigate the socioeconomic impact of the virus.…”

Section: Iranmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…S2). Many mutations in AIV H9N2 in ME and NA associated with adaptation to mammals have been described [25, 26, 46, 48, 50, 59, 75, 84, 95, 105, 118, 119].…”

Section: Genetic Relatedness Of H9n2 In the Me And Namentioning

confidence: 99%

A brief summary of the epidemiology and genetic relatedness of avian influenza H9N2 virus in birds and mammals in the Middle East and North Africa

2017

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H9N2 is the most widespread avian influenza virus subtype in poultry worldwide. It infects a broad spectrum of host species including birds and mammals. Infections in poultry and humans vary from silent to fatal. Importantly, all AIV, which are fatal in humans (e.g. H5N1, H7N9) acquired their 'internal' gene segments from H9N2 viruses. Although H9N2 is endemic in the Middle East (ME) and North Africa since the late 1990s, little is known about its epidemiology and genetics on a regional level. In this review, we summarised the epidemiological situation of H9N2 in poultry and mammals in Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Bahrain, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Palestine, Israel, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Egypt, Sudan, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco. The virus has been isolated from humans in Egypt and serosurveys indicated widespread infection particularly among poultry workers and pigs in some countries. Some isolates replicated well in experimentally inoculated dogs, mice, hamsters and ferrets. Insufficient protection of immunised poultry was frequently reported most likely due to concurrent viral or bacterial infections and antigenic drift of the field viruses from outdated vaccine strains. Genetic analysis indicated several distinct phylogroups including a panzootic genotype in the Asian and African parts of the ME, which may be useful for the development of vaccines. The extensive circulation of H9N2 for about 20 years in this region where the H5N1 virus is also endemic in some countries, poses a serious public health threat. Regional surveillance and control strategy are highly recommended.

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“…Infections with H9N2 viruses have been reported in a diverse variety of wild avian species including quail, crows and sparrows [ 6 , 14 - 18 ]. Genetic analysis of recent H9N2 viruses has indicated that these H9N2 viruses have undergone extensive reassortment with many subtypes of AI viruses including HPAI H5N1 and H7N3 viruses [ 4 , 7 , 19 - 21 ]. These phylogenetic analysis studies suggest that newly emerged reassortants might be maintained in a diverse variety of host species in wide geographical regions [ 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectivity and transmissibility of H9N2 avian influenza virus in chickens and wild terrestrial birds

Iqbal

Yaqub

Mukhtar

et al. 2013

Vet Res

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Genetic changes in avian influenza viruses influence their infectivity, virulence and transmission. Recently we identified a novel genotype of H9N2 viruses in widespread circulation in poultry in Pakistan that contained polymerases (PB2, PB1 and PA) and non-structural (NS) gene segments identical to highly pathogenic H7N3 viruses. Here, we investigated the potential of these viruses to cause disease and assessed the transmission capability of the virus within and between poultry and wild terrestrial avian species. Groups of broilers, layers, jungle fowl, quail, sparrows or crows were infected with a representative strain (A/chicken/UDL-01/08) of this H9N2 virus and then mixed with naïve birds of the same breed or species, or different species to examine transmission. With the exception of crows, all directly inoculated and contact birds showed clinical signs, varying in severity with quail showing the most pronounced clinical signs. Virus shedding was detected in all infected birds, with quail showing the greatest levels of virus secretion, but only very low levels of virus were found in directly infected crow samples. Efficient virus intra-species transmission was observed within each group with the exception of crows in which no evidence of transmission was seen. Interspecies transmission was examined between chickens and sparrows and vice versa and efficient transmission was seen in either direction. These results highlight the ease of spread of this group of H9N2 viruses between domesticated poultry and sparrows and show that sparrows need to be considered as a high risk species for transmitting H9N2 viruses between premises.

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Genetic analysis of polymerase complex (PA, PB1 and PB2) genes of H9N2 avian influenza viruses from Iran (1999 to 2009)

Cited by 8 publications

References 35 publications

Synergistic PA and HA mutations confer mouse adaptation of a contemporary A/H3N2 influenza virus

Synergistic PA and HA mutations confer mouse adaptation of a contemporary A/H3N2 influenza virus

A brief summary of the epidemiology and genetic relatedness of avian influenza H9N2 virus in birds and mammals in the Middle East and North Africa

Infectivity and transmissibility of H9N2 avian influenza virus in chickens and wild terrestrial birds

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